沙棘结实规律及其应用的研究

沙棘能源林不仅生产薪材,而且还要利用它的果实生产医用沙棘油和食用果汁,以取得综合效益。作者引用单位生物量的产果量即经济系数作为研究沙棘结实规律的依据,发现同一年龄阶段不同立地条件下的经济系数是接近的,从而使其结实规律的研究在不考虑立地条件的情况下进行。研究表明中国沙棘的结实规律是:Ⅰ龄级为营养生长期,Ⅱ龄级为初果期,Ⅲ—Ⅷ龄级为盛果期,经济系数稳定在20%左右,Ⅸ龄级进入衰果期;沙棘果实中的维生素C的含量有随树龄的增加而增加的趋势,但到盛果期后趋于一致。试验结果为沙棘能源林栽培技术和轮伐期的确定、为不同林     

加工过程中冷打浆沙棘浓缩浊汁理化特性的变化

为了研究沙棘浓缩浊汁加工及其品质的变化,该文以沙棘果为原料,研究了冷打浆法生产沙棘浊汁及浓缩浊汁加工和贮藏过程中的理化变化。结果表明:冷打浆工艺制得到的沙棘浊汁品质优良,其可溶性固形物质量分数高达18.0%,总酸度达4.24%,含维生素C 729.69 mg/100 mL,总黄酮445.17 mg/100 mL,总多酚924.67 mg/100 mL,多糖25.22 mg/100 mL。在45℃,真空度为0.095~0.1 MPa的条件下对沙棘浊汁减压浓缩,随着浓缩倍数的增加,加热时间延长,沙棘浊汁营养和保健成分减少,总酸度增加,pH值减小,褐变指数增大,5-HMF含量增加;与3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁相比,2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁营养和保健成分保存率最高,褐变指数较小、5-HMF含量较低。不同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在自然室温(10~25℃)和冷藏条件(5~8℃)下放置60 d,维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚和多糖含量呈下降趋势,pH值和总酸度变化不明显,褐变指数增加,5-HMF含量增加;相同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在冷藏条件下放置比在自然室温条件下放置时营养和保健成分的保存率高,冷藏条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁的营养和保健成分的保存率最高,其维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、多糖的保存率比室温条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁分别高11.46%、20.44%、18.37%、9.83%,且冷藏条件下放置的沙棘浓缩浊汁褐变指数小,5-HMF含量低,冷藏条件有利于沙棘浓缩浊汁的保存;2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁在室温条件下贮藏不稳定,在冷藏条件下其贮藏稳定性优于3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁。     

沙棘果汁豆乳的稳定性研究

该文阐述了在沙棘果汁豆乳的研制过程中，稳定剂与豆乳固形物之间量的关系遵循指数方程y=c+ax^b(a，b，c为常数)。确立了稳定剂的最佳配比，并就外界因子对沙棘果汁豆乳稳定性的作用进行了探讨。     

供与求

供与求 　　供沙棘籽、刺槐苗 漳县位于甘肃省东南部，沙棘资源十分丰富。现供沙棘籽100吨，刺槐树苗2 000万株。沙棘和刺槐是西北地区防沙固沙和防止水土流失的最佳树种，具有抗旱、耐寒、成活率高等优点。另供沙棘果肉、油、汁系列产品，多购优惠，购完为止。 　　联系地址：漳县气象局，联系人：李芳，电话：0932－4862693，邮编：748300。     

我国第二阶段第二期(2021—2030年)沙棘育种工作草案

我国第二阶段第二期(2021—2030年)沙棘育种工作,应在系统总结之前多年工作的基础上,重点着眼于服务“三北”地区的生态文明建设,通过强化沙棘“选、引、育”措施,以提高沙棘果实内含物总量、目标物质(如油、黄酮、氨基酸、维生素、酚酸类等)含量等为主要目标,辅以基因工程选优,制定出“三北”分区育种目标。水利部沙棘开发管理中心将在职能框架内,逐步建立健全全国沙棘育种综合体系,全方位、多渠道服务于我国沙棘育种、种植和开发利用工作。     

枸杞沙棘复合固体饮料的研究

以枸杞干果和沙棘为原料，经取汁、澄清、浓缩、调配和离心喷雾干燥等工艺生产复合固体饮料。试验结果得出较优的工艺及配方为：枸杞取汁工艺为破碎→热处理→压榨；用0.05% L-抗坏血酸和0.02% NaHSO₃护色枸杞汁；喷雾干燥使用助干剂麦芽糊精，用量占浓缩汁中可溶性固形含量的80%；饮料配方为浓缩枸杞汁与沙棘汁质量比是6∶2，蛋白糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸添加量分别为0.95%，4.0%和0.1%。     

我国大樱桃深加工开发利用研究

大樱桃是深受人们喜爱的水果,但货架期较短,对其进行深加工显得尤为重要。我国大樱桃深加工产品主要有罐头、果脯、果酱、果汁、果酒、果醋等,这些产品中食品添加剂使用较为普遍。为了延长大樱桃产业链、提高产品附加值、促进大樱桃产业提质增效,整理归纳了近年来大樱桃深加工相关技术的研究文献,从果肉、果核和树叶3个方面综述了深加工开发利用研究进展,果肉的深加工主要是制作罐头、果酱、果冻、果汁及复合饮料、果脯、果酒、果醋和色素等,果核的深加工主要是提取大樱桃仁油、黄酮、多糖、蛋白及抗氧化多肽,树叶的深加工主要是提取黄酮和多糖;并针对樱桃深加工中存在的问题提出了今后的主要研究方向。     

青海的沙棘资源

<正> 青海省沙棘资源种类多、分布广、面积大,资源比较丰富。根据调查资料汇总统计,全省分布有中国沙棘、肋果沙棘和西藏沙棘3个种,总面积为80多万亩。其中中国沙棘占56％,西藏沙棘占12％,肋果沙棘占30％。在35万多亩的中国沙棘林分中,天然林占86％,人工林占14％,肋果沙棘和西藏沙棘都是天然体。     

中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘×中国沙棘光合特性及影响因子

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区用LI-6400光合仪对中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘光合特性及影响因子进行了测定。测定结果表明三者的光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率日变化均为“双峰”曲线。中国沙棘光合“午休”现象较轻,日光合速率和午后光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率极显著（P〈0．01）高于俄罗斯沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘。中国沙棘光合作用最适气孔导度、大气CO2浓度、空气相对湿度比俄罗斯沙棘小,最适胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气温、光合有效辐射比俄罗斯沙棘高。中国沙棘在最适气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和大气CO2浓度下的光合速率比俄罗斯沙棘高;在最适气温、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射下的光合速率比俄罗斯沙棘低。俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘光合“午休”现象比中国沙棘强,比俄罗斯沙棘弱,午后光合速率与俄罗斯沙棘相近;俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘最适气孔导度、大气CO2浓度高于中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘,最适胞间CO2浓度低于中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘,最适蒸腾速率、气温、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射居于中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘之间。俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘在最适气孔导度下的光合速率高于中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘;在最适胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气温、大气CO2浓度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射下的光合速率低于中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘。中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘&#215;中国沙棘的光合速率均与上午的气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气温、大气CO2浓度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射显著相关,均为“抛物线”关系。     

蜜瓜和西瓜果汁的射频介电特性及其与糖度的关系(简报)

为了解果汁的介电特性与其主要内部品质——糖度之间的关系,该文利用末端开路的同轴探头和阻抗分析仪测量了10 MHz～1.8 GHz的频率范围内不同成熟度的3个品种密瓜汁和4个品种西瓜汁的介电特性,同时测量了反映果汁糖度的可溶性固形物含量和果肉的含水率,分析了介电特性和糖度间的关系。结果显示：密瓜和西瓜果汁的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数皆随频率的增大单调减小,品种间的差异对介电特性有影响;1.8 GHz下密瓜汁的损耗角正切与糖度有较好的线性关系,其决定系数为0.784,但西瓜汁的介电特性与糖度的相关性较差;密瓜和西瓜果汁的糖度与果肉的含水率有很好的线性相关性,其决定系数分别为0.973和0.906。该研究将为基于介电特性的果汁糖度检测仪的开发提供了研究基础。     

Proanthocyanidin profile and ORAC values of Manitoba berries, chokecherries, and seabuckthorn

Six Manitoba fruits were analyzed for their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in order to increase their production and marketability. The major proanthocyanidins (flavanols) present in whole fruit, juice, and pulp of strawberry, Saskatoon berry, raspberry, wild blueberry, chokecherry, and seabuckthorn were measured. The extraction and purification were facilitated using flash column chromatography, while separation and identification were accomplished by using HPLC and LC-MS techniques. The total proanthocyanidin contents varied from 275.55 to 504.77 mg/100 g in the whole fruit samples. Raspberry contained the highest content, and seabuckthorn showed the lowest content of total flavanols. The highest concentration of proanthocyanidin in juice was found in Saskatoon berry (1363.34 mg/100 mL) and the lowest value in strawberry (622.60 mg/100 mL). HPLC and LC-MS results indicated that epicatechin was the most abundant flavanol followed by B2 in the berry samples, while no catechin or B1 was detected in these fruits. A series of oligomers and polymers were detected in all samples. The recovery percentage was obtained from the ratio of the unspiked samples to the area of spiked samples. Monomers, dimers, oligomers, and polymers gave recovery ranges of 83-99%. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of whole fruit, juice, and pulp extracts were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) procedure. In whole fruits, the ORAC values varied from 135 to 479 mg/100 g TE in the MeOH fraction. The corresponding ORAC values varied from 115.30 to 733.15 mg/100 g for the acetone fraction. In juice, all berries showed the same antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05) (133.0-312.0 mg/100 g) in the MeOH fraction, with the exception of raspberry (603.0 mg/100 g). Overall, MeOH fractions mainly contained monomers and dimers with smaller amounts of oligomers and polymers when compared to the acetone fractions. Acetone fractions mainly contained polymers and some oligomers. Although acetone fractions contained a higher quantity of total proanthocyanidins, their antioxidant capacities were lower than MeOH fractions.     

Sea buckthorn products: manufacture and composition.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a unique plant currently being domesticated. The fruit is the main component of value, although the leaves are occasionally made into sea buckthorn tea. The two main sources of valuable products are derived from the berries, juice from the fleshy tissue and seed as a single seed from each berry. The juice provides a nutritious beverage, high in suspended solids and very high in vitamin C and carotenes. The juice may contain an oil phase trapped within the suspended solids, or the oil may be removed as pulp oil and provided separately. The pulp remaining after juice removal provides for extraction of "sea buckthorn yellow", a pigment that has potential use as a food coloring material. The seed is a source of seed oil, which is very unsaturated and shows promise, because of its light absorption and emollient properties, as an ingredient in cosmetics, phytopharmaceuticals, or UV skin protectant preparations. It may be prepared by conventional extraction techniques or by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The manufacture of the main products derived from sea buckthorn is described, including several examples from the patent literature. The available compositional data for the main products are tabulated to form a comprehensive source of information on the manufacture and composition of sea buckthorn products.     

Assessment of genetic variability in the endangered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus macroptera</Emphasis> Mont. (“hatkora”) from Mizoram,north-east India

Assessment of genetic variability in the available germplasm is the prerequisite for development of improved genotypes through planned breeding programmes. In view of this, 39 “hatkora” (Citrus macroptera Mont.) genotypes collected from different locations of Mizoram, India were evaluated for physico-chemical characteristics during 2013–2015. The study reveals that there was significant variation among the collections in these particular traits. Individual fruit weight ranged from 277.78 to 617.69 g; fruit diameter 9.32–12.52 cm; fruit length 7.74–10.19 cm, fruit volume 238.33–583.33 cc; pulp weight 153.75–320.94 g; pulp:peel ratio 1.50–3.24 and seed number 9.33–23.6. Similarly, the chemical parameters also varied significantly among different germplasms. The juice content varied from 13.45 to 32.53 %, ascorbic acid 34.81–73.64 mg/100 mL, TSS 6.15–9.10 %, acidity 5.03–8.75 %, total sugars 5.16–7.97 % and sugar:acid ratio 0.75–1.52. From the analysis of genetic parameters, it could be concluded that characters like fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp–peel ratio, juice, Total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, and sugar–acid ratio could be used as selection criteria for development of effective and productive plant types in “hatkora”. Wide range of variation in physico-chemical parameters of “hatkora” fruits indicated the great scope of individual plant selection based on these characters for future genetic improvement programme.     

Stable isotopic carbon composition of apples and their subfractions--juice, seeds, sugars, and nonvolatile acids

The 13C:12C ratios of 8 authentic apple juice samples and their subfractions were determined by mass spectrometry. Apples from Argentina, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United States were processed into juice; pulp was collected from the milled fruit and seeds were collected from the press-cake. Sugars, nonvolatile acids, and phenolics were isolated from the juice by treatment with ion-exchange resins and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP). The mean value for all juice samples was -24.2% which is close to the values reported by other investigators. Juice from apples grown in Argentina, Mexico, and New Zealand did not differ from U.S. samples. The isotopic composition of the subfractions ranged from -22.0 to -31.0%. The values for the pulp were essentially the same as for juice. The sugar fraction was slightly less negative than the juice; the nonvolatile acid and phenolic fractions were more negative. The levels of nonvolatile acids and phenolics in apple juice are low, however, so these compounds contribute little to overall delta 13C values in juice.     

Acylglycerol and fatty acid components of pulp,seed, and whole olive fruit oils. Their use to characterize fruit variety by chemometrics

The contents of triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols in three kinds of olive fruit oils (pulp, seed, and whole fruit) were determined. The fatty acid composition and the quality ratios 1,2-diacylglycerols/1,3-diacylglycerols and 1,2-diacylglycerols/total diacylglycerols were also assessed. Seven major Italian olive varieties were considered. Results of univariate statistical analyses indicated that the above analytical parameters (glyceridic ratios excepted) were effective in discriminating between pulp and seed oils. The seed oil fraction did not determine any change in the glyceridic indices and the acylglycerol or fatty acid composition concerning the whole fruit oil (mixture of pulp and seed oil fractions), the weight (%) of seed ( approximately 2%) being by far lower than the weight (%) of pulp ( approximately 85%) (fruit weight basis). Based on the data of triacylglycerol or fatty acid composition, and using appropriate parametric or nonparametric multivariate statistics, the genetic origins (olive variety) of the three fruit oil kinds were characterized.     

沙田柚果实贮藏期水分变化与枯水的关系

沙田柚采后经１０ｄ预贮藏于常温室内,用＾３Ｈ２Ｏ示踪,定期测定果蒂部、果皮,果肉（汁胞）的放射性比活度和果实的失重率,果汁率,组织含水量,呼吸速率及营养物质含量变化,结果表明,沙田柚贮藏期间,果瓣之间,果肉和果皮之间水分是相互流动的,果实枯水时,水分从果肉到果皮的转移速度大于正常果,沙田柚果实枯水的原因可能与果肉营养物质消耗和果皮组织相对再生长同步进行有关。     

Characterization of avocado (Persea americana mill.) varieties of low oil content.

Several avocado varieties of low oil content (6.73-8.07%) from Venezuela (Booth 1, Booth 7, Ceniap 2, Figueroa, Guacara Morado, Luiz de Queiroz, Princesa, Quebrada Seca, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Taylor, and Tonnage) were characterized for pulp oil and moisture; weight (whole fruit, seed, pulp, and peel); length, width, and fruit shape; peel characteristics (roughness, color, and hand peeling); and ripeness time. Oil plus moisture percentages were between 87.62 and 93.71. Pulp percentage of Quebrada Seca was the lowest of the 49 varieties studied, and its seed percentage the highest. Princesa had the highest pulp percentage (76%). Seven varieties were pyriform and five ovate, seven had rough peel and five smooth peel, and four of them had purple peel and the others green. Five varieties were easy to hand peel. Peak ripening of some varieties was at 4-9 days. Princesa is the variety with the highest potential yield with 67944 kg of fruit/ha, 51675 kg of pulp/ha, 3679 kg of oil/ha, and 3016 kg of starch/ha.