复合益生菌制剂对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫指标的影响

选取体质健康、均重为(180±28)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)420尾,随机分成4组(对照组和3个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。对照组投喂基础饲料,实验组分别投喂添加1%、3%和5%芽孢杆菌和酵母菌复合益生菌制剂(BSCP)的基础饲料42 d。结果发现,大西洋鲑投喂1%–5%的BSCP后生长性能得到明显改善,增重率显著升高(P0.05),饵料系数和死亡率显著降低(P0.05);饲料蛋白质的表观消化率呈升高的趋势,5%组蛋白质消化率具有显著性差异(P0.05),但其脂肪表观消化率显著降低(P0.05);实验组肠道和肝脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性有不同程度的升高,但其中5%组肝脏脂肪酶活性显著降低(P0.05);实验组肝脏免疫指标表现出不同程度的改善,但其血清免疫指标无明显变化,仅中高剂量组SOD活性显著降低(P0.05)。结果表明,BSCP可以显著提高大西洋鲑的生长性能,提高部分消化酶活性和蛋白质的消化率,并在一定程度上促进大西洋鲑的非特异性免疫能力,其饲料中适宜添加水平为3%。     

摄食水平和投喂频率对中华鳖幼鳖消化率影响

在水温30℃条件下,摄食水平对幼鳖蛋白质表观消化率有显著影响（P＜0.01）;投喂频率对鲜鱼饲料组幼鳖表观消化率无显著影响（P＞0.05）,而对其蛋白质表观消化率的影响显著.在投喂配合饲料条件下,表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率均在中间摄食水平（此时干物质的摄食率为0.97%）时达到最大,分别为76.26%和81.22%;在饱食状态下,其表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率分别为72.36%和78.05%,日投喂2次鲜鱼组的幼鳖表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率分别为92.05%和96.84%;投喂1次鲜鱼组的分别为92.17%和95.27%.     

不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解能力的影响

本试验研究了饲料中不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解的影响。试验共配制6组等氮等能的半纯合饲料,对应糖脂比分别为2.3,3.0,4.0,5.6,7.7和12.1。将鱼饱食投喂8周,每日投喂3次。试验结果表明,当饲料糖脂比从2.3升高至7.7时,增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白保留率均显著升高(P < 0.05);而当糖脂比进一步升高时,其均呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P > 0.05);饲料系数的变化趋势与其相反。建鲤幼鱼的脏体比以及全鱼、胴体和肝脏脂肪含量随着饲料糖脂比的降低均显著升高(P < 0.05),而全鱼、胴体和肝脏的蛋白质含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。肠道淀粉酶活性随着糖脂比的升高显著升高(P < 0.05),而脂肪酶的变化趋势则相反(P < 0.05)。此外,血糖和胰岛素水平、肝糖原含量及肝脏葡萄糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性随饲料糖脂比的升高均显著升高(P < 0.05),血液中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量则随着糖脂比的降低显著升高(P < 0.05)。根据二次回归模型得出,在等氮等能的饲料条件下,建鲤幼鱼最适宜的糖水平和脂肪水平分别为38.21%和4.69%,对应的糖脂比为8.14。     

饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷幼鱼生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)生长性能、脂质过氧化及肝组织结构的影响.分别以新鲜鱼油(过氧化物值 POV,1.27 meq O2·kg-1油)与氧化酸败鱼油(POV,45 meq O2·kg-1油)为脂肪源配制等蛋等能的两种配合饲料,投喂平均体重18.9 g的黑鲷幼鱼9周.结果显示,氧化鱼油显著降低了黑鲷幼鱼的增重率(WG)、饲料效率(FE)及蛋白质效率(PER)(P＜0.05).饲料中添加氧化鱼油导致鱼体蛋白质含量极显著降低(P＜0.01)、肝脏与肌肉中脂肪含量显著升高(P＜0.05),而对鱼体、肝脏及肌肉中的水分及灰分含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).氧化鱼油组肝脏中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照组,而维生素E含量则显著低于对照组(P＜0.05). 饲料中添加氧化鱼油显著影响黑鲷肝脏内主要抗氧化酶活性,氧化鱼油组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);组织学结果显示氧化鱼油组肝脏出现明显病变,细胞核多集中在肝细胞边缘,肝细胞变大. 统计分析表明,氧化酸败油脂显著降低了黑鲷的生长性能,加重了组织中脂质过氧化的程度,并导致肝脏组织发生病变.     

饲料中添加果寡糖和德式乳酸菌对锦鲤生长、血液指标和抗氧化指标的影响

本研究旨在研究饲料中添加果寡糖和德式乳酸菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)生长、血液指标和抗氧化指标的影响。选取锦鲤 360 尾随机分为 4 个处理组, 每组 3 个重复, 第 1 组投喂基础日粮(D1), 第 2 组投喂基础日粮+0.3%果寡糖(D2), 第 3 组投喂基础日粮+1×10⁷ 德式乳酸菌(D3), 第 4 组投喂基础日粮+0.3%果寡糖和 1×10⁷ 德式乳酸菌(D4)。结果表明: 投喂 D4 组饲料的锦鲤增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率最高, 显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 且该组的饵料系数最低; 肠道蛋白酶活性在 D4 组最高, 显著高于对照组和 D2 组(P＜0.05), 各实验组的脂肪酶活性都显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), D2 组的淀粉酶显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 但各实验组并无显著差异 (P＞0.05)。各实验组谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)酶活性以及甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)含量与对照组相比均有降低, 其中 D4 组 AST、ALT 活性和 TC 含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05); 各组血清总蛋白和白蛋白均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。血液免疫指标和肝脏抗氧化指标在实验组都有不同程度的升高, 其中溶菌酶(LYS)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化酶(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及补体 C3 含量在 D3 组和 D4 组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 但是和 D2 组差异并不显著(P＞0.05), 补体 C4 的含量在实验组含量都显著高于对照组 (P＜0.05); AKP 和 GPX 活性各组之间差异均不显著(P＞0.05); MDA 含量在 D3 组和 D4 组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05), 各实验组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。结论认为, 锦鲤饲料中添加 0.3%果寡糖和 1×10⁷ 德式乳酸菌可提高锦鲤的生长性能、肠道消化酶活性, 改善其免疫和抗氧化功能, 且果寡糖和德式乳酸菌配伍使用效果更佳。     

石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)生长以及肌肉营养成分的影响

为探讨酶制剂是否有助于提高黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)对石莼(Ulva pertusa)海藻饲料的消化利用率,在总蛋白水平为32%、总脂肪水平为8%情况下配置6种饲料,其中两个对照组(未添加石莼为C1、添加15%石莼为C2)、4个实验组,饲养黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼56 d,通过比较鱼的生长性能、消化道消化酶的活性及饲料的表观消化率等,以确定酶制剂的效果及其适宜添加量。结果显示,4种实验饲料养殖的黄斑蓝子鱼在增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率等方面均优于C2对照组,与C1对照组无显著差异(T4实验组的蛋白质效率除外)(P0.05)。全鱼生化成分及胃、前肠、肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。实验组鱼对饲料中蛋白质的表观消化率显著高于C2对照组(P0.05)。添加石莼组鱼肌肉中除多不饱和脂肪酸18:2n6、20:5n3、22:5n3和必需氨基酸Met、Tyr含量显著降低(P0.05)以及Glu与His氨基酸含量显著升高(P0.05)外,无其他显著变化。结果表明,石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶可提高黄斑蓝子鱼的生长效果和饲料利用率,且对鱼肉品质无较大影响。     

投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长和生理指标的影响

将270尾均质量约500 g的大西洋鲑随机分为5组,每组2个重复,分别以3次/d、2次/d、1次/d、1次/2 d、1次/3 d的投喂频率饱食投喂56 d,以研究投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长性能、消化率、激素水平和抗氧化指标的影响。试验结果表明,随着投喂频率的降低,大西洋鲑质量增加率和摄食量明显降低,1次/2 d试验组和1次/3 d试验组质量增加率较3次/d试验组分别显著降低50%和75%,摄食量显著降低53%和72%。饵料系数、死亡率、皮质醇和抗氧化指标呈先降后升的趋势;饵料系数和皮质醇2次/d试验组最低,1次/3 d试验组最高,较其他组分别高1.2～2.1倍和0.38～4.78倍。血浆生长激素和甲状腺激素与之呈相反趋势,2次/d试验组各项指标较好;各试验组消化率均呈升高—降低—升高的变化趋势,2次/d和1次/3 d试验组值较高。试验结果表明,500～900 g大西洋鲑的最佳投喂频率为2次/d,在此基础上提高或降低投喂频率均会对大西洋鲑造成应激,对生长和饲料利用率产生负面影响。     

石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)生长以及肌肉营养成分的影响

为探讨酶制剂是否有助于提高黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)对石莼(Ulva pertusa)海藻饲料的消化利用率,在总蛋白水平为32%、总脂肪水平为8%情况下配置6种饲料,其中两个对照组(未添加石莼为C1、添加15%石莼为C2)、4个实验组,饲养黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼56 d,通过比较鱼的生长性能、消化道消化酶的活性及饲料的表观消化率等,以确定酶制剂的效果及其适宜添加量。结果显示,4种实验饲料养殖的黄斑蓝子鱼在增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率等方面均优于C2对照组,与C1对照组无显著差异(T4实验组的蛋白质效率除外)(P0.05)。全鱼生化成分及胃、前肠、肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。实验组鱼对饲料中蛋白质的表观消化率显著高于C2对照组(P0.05)。添加石莼组鱼肌肉中除多不饱和脂肪酸18:2n6、20:5n3、22:5n3和必需氨基酸Met、Tyr含量显著降低(P0.05)以及Glu与His氨基酸含量显著升高(P0.05)外,无其他显著变化。结果表明,石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶可提高黄斑蓝子鱼的生长效果和饲料利用率,且对鱼肉品质无较大影响。     

不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)日增重、饲料利用和消化酶活性的影响

以葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和糊化玉米淀粉为糖源制成5种等氮等脂饲料,投喂卵形鲳碜(Trachinotus ovatus)8周,研究不同糖源对其日增重、饲料利用和肝脏消化酶活性的影响.结果显示,不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均有显著影响(P＜0.05).糊化玉米淀粉组的日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均最高,显著高于非淀粉糖源组(P＜0.05),而与玉米淀粉组无显著差异(P＞0.05);葡萄糖组的日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均最低,显著低于其他糖源组(P＜0.05).消化酶活性结果显示,饲料中的不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹的肝脏消化酶活性有显著影响(P＜0.05).两个淀粉组的蛋白酶活性显著低于分子量较低其他三组(P＜0.05);蔗糖组的淀粉酶活性最高,显著高于除糊精组外的其他糖源组(P＜0.05);脂肪酶活性随着糖分子量的增大而增大.本研究中淀粉类大分子糖类对卵形鲳鲹的促生长效果优于葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精,糊化玉米淀粉组的促生长效果最好.     

酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化的影响

以酶解磷虾粉分别替代基础饲料中0(T0)、10％(T10)、20％(T20)、30％(T30)、40％(T40)、50％(T50)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能的饲料,研究饲料中酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血液生化指标、抗氧化性能及氟残留的影响.选取初始均重为(57.80±0.28)g的珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼360尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,试验周期为56 d.结果显示,(1) T30组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均显著高于T0组(P＜0.05);在替代量大于20％时,饲料干物质表观消化率显著高于T0组()＜0.05);各替代组的饲料系数、肥满度、肝体比、蛋白质效率、蛋白质消化率与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05).(2)各替代组全鱼和肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T30组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(3)各组间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著差异(p0.05);T30组尿素氮含量显著低于T0组(P＜0.05);各替代组低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(4)酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著升高了珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及血清超氧化物歧化酶的活力(P＜0.05),同时,显著降低了血清和肝脏中丙二醛含量(P＜0.05).(5)各组肌肉氟含量均在可检测范围以下,各组间骨骼氟含量随着替代比例的升高而升高,各组差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,综合考虑生长性能、体成分、生化指标及抗氧化性能,酶解磷虾粉可替代珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中40％以下的鱼粉,替代量为30％时效果最佳.     

脂肪酶对南方鲇生长性能、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1、0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,饲喂平均体重(57.6±0.02)g的南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)60 d,测定南方鲇的生长性能、饲料表观消化率、消化酶活性及血液生化指标。结果显示:添加0.1 g/kg和0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,增重率比对照组分别提高了4.0%和5.8%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),饲料系数分别下降了5.0%和6.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),肥满度和粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05),对内脏指数、肝脏指数、肠脂指数、胰蛋白酶活力、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力及血液生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶显著提高胰脂肪酶活力(P<0.05),添加0.1 g/kg的脂肪酶对胰脂肪酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,在脂肪水平为10%的饲料中添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶可以提高胰脂肪酶活力,提高脂肪消化率,改善饲料利用率。     

The influence of environmental temperature on the apparent nutrient and fatty acid digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed finishing diets containing different blends of fish oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the interactive effects between water temperature and diets supplemented with different blends of fish oil, rapeseed oil and crude palm oil (CPO) on the apparent nutrient and fatty acid digestibility in Atlantic salmon. Two isolipidic extruded diets with added fish oil fixed at 50% and CPO supplemented at 10% or 25% of total added oil, at the expense of rapeseed oil, were formulated and fed to groups of Atlantic salmon (about 3.4 kg) maintained in floating cages. There were no significant effects (P>0.05) of diet on growth, feed utilization efficiency, muscle total lipid or pigment concentrations. Fatty acid compositions of muscle and liver lipids were mostly not significantly different in salmon fed the two experimental diets but showed elevated concentrations of 18:1n‐9 and 18:2n‐6 compared with initial values. Decreasing water temperatures (11–6°C) did not significantly affect protein, lipid or energy apparent digestibilities of the diets with different oil blends. However, dry matter digestibility decreased significantly in fish fed the diet with CPO at 25% of added oil. Increasing dietary CPO levels and decreasing water temperature significantly reduced the apparent digestibility (AD) of saturated fatty acids. The AD of the saturates decreased with increasing chain length within each temperature regimen irrespective of CPO level fed to the fish. The AD of monoenes and polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected by dietary CPO levels or water temperature. No significant interaction between diet and water temperature effects was detected on the AD of all nutrients and fatty acids. The results of this study showed that the inclusion of CPO up to about 10% (wt/wt) in Atlantic salmon feeds resulted in negligible differences in nutrient and fatty acid digestibility that did not affect growth performance of fish at the range of water temperatures generally encountered in the grow‐out phase.     

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts adapt lipid digestion according to elevated dietary wax esters from Calanus finmarchicus

Wax esters (WE) in copepods constitute huge natural marine lipid resources, which can contribute as future lipid source in formulated diets in aquaculture, and thereby reduce the pressure on use of marine resources at higher trophic levels. The present study was undertaken to investigate factors affecting WE digestibility, including production of bile and lipases in Atlantic salmon fed diets containing high proportions of oil derived from copepods. Individually tagged postsmolt Atlantic salmon (initial weight 250 g) were distributed into three dietary groups in triplicate tanks and fed either a fish oil supplemented diet or diets where 50% or 100% of the fish oil was replaced with oil extracted from Calanus finmarchicus . WE accounted for 30.7% or 47.7% of the lipids in these latter diets, respectively. Over the 100 day feeding period, the salmon fed the fish oil diet displayed a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR; 0.74) than fish fed the 100% Calanus oil diet (SGR; 0.67). The apparent digestibility coefficient of total lipid and total fatty acids was significantly higher in salmon fed the fish oil and the mixed diet compared to fish fed the pure Calanus oil diet. However, the fish appeared to enhance the lipid digestive capacity by increasing bile volume and the lipolytic activity. It is concluded that the digestion of WE in Atlantic salmon is poorer than for triacylglycerols. However, the digestive capacity is increased by elevating the bile content and lipase activity. At very high levels however, WE of lipid between 37.5% and 47.7%, are there no more compensation and WE utilisation decreases.     

脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业养殖大西洋鲑消化酶、非特异性免疫及水质的影响

为探讨脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关消化酶活力、免疫及对水质指标的影响,采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%,即F18、F21、F24;2蛋白质水平:38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种实验处理的膨化配合颗粒料,每处理3重复,在工业化封闭循环海水养殖(RAS)条件下,选用初重(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)F21可显著提高大西洋鲑胃、肠、肝脂肪酶活力,比低脂肪分别提高11.52%、14.63%、4.31%;P48使肠、肝胰蛋白酶活力分别提高8.23%、8.33%,且发现其活力水平远高于胃蛋白酶。(2)F18、P48可显著提高肠道AKP酶活力,F18比F21、F24分别提高18.61%、31.70%,P48比P38提高13.69%。(3)F21、F24可显著改善血清的抗氧化能力,F21比F18的SOD活力提高10.32%,同时MDA含量降低4.49%;P48有利于提高血清LZM活力及补体C3含量,P48比P38分别高9.49%、5.93%。(4)低蛋白质水平可显著降低水体中氨氮、硝酸盐的含量,P38比P48分别降低61.70%、28.36%;提高脂肪水平可降低水体氨氮含量,F21、F24比F18分别降低10.00%、8.20%。研究表明,饲料脂肪和蛋白质水平与消化吸收酶、非特异免疫、养殖水氨氮之间关系特征明显;适当提高脂肪水平有利于提高消化道脂肪酶活力,提高蛋白质水平有利于提高免疫力;低蛋白质和中高脂肪组合可有效降低大西洋鲑的氨氮排泄量。     

Growth, feed conversion and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed diets supplemented with krill or amphipods

The effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with meal made from northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis), Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) or Arctic amphipod (Themsto libellula) as protein source in the diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) on growth, feed conversion, macro‐nutrient utilization, muscle chemical composition and fish welfare were studied. Six experimental diets were prepared using a low‐temperature FM diet as control. The other diets included northern krill where 20, 40 or 60% of the dietary FM protein was replaced with protein from northern krill, and two diets where the FM protein was replaced with protein from Antarctic krill or Arctic amphipod at 40% protein replacement level. All diets were iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐caloric. Atlantic salmon grew from 410 g to approximately 1500 g during the 160 day experiment, and Atlantic halibut grew from 345 g to 500–600 g during the 150 day experiment. Inclusion of krill in the diets enhanced specific growth rate in salmon, especially during the first 100 days (P < 0.01), and in a dose–response manner in halibut for over the 150 day feeding period (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio did not differ between dietary treatments, and no difference was found in dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility and fish muscle composition. Good growth rates, blood parameters within normal ranges and low mortalities in all experimental treatments indicted that fish health was not affected either Atlantic salmon or Atlantic halibut fed the various zooplankton diets.     

Effects of feed processing conditions and acid salts on nutrient digestibility and physical quality of soy‐based diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of feed processing conditions and potassium diformate (KDF) supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and physical quality of extruded feed. In Exp. 1, diets with raw or expander pretreated full‐fat soybean meal (FFSBM) at 100 or 120 °C were extruded at 110 °C. Expander pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) improved the digestibility of arginine, glutamine and tyrosine in Atlantic salmon. The higher digestibility of expander pretreated FFSBM was confirmed in mink (Mustela vison). In Exp. 2, diets with defatted soybean meal (SBM) were extruded at 110, 130 or 150 °C. The results showed that increasing extrusion temperatures significantly (P < 0.05) improved the digestibility of most major nutrients and amino acids in Atlantic salmon. In general, KDF supplementation to FFSBM and SBM diets did not affect digestibility of nutrients in Atlantic salmon or mink. Expander pretreatment and increasing extrusion temperatures increased pellet expansion, while KDF supplementation reduced pellet expansion.     

Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities

In this study, the influence of commercial probiotic, Lactobacillus spp., supplementation was investigated on growth parameters and digestive enzyme activities in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, during larval development. All experiments were triplicated and designed in three different administrations of probiotic from 3 days after hatching (DAH) concurrently with starting of exogenous feeding. In the first group, probiotic was added to live food (rotifer and Artemia). In the second group, probiotic was supplemented directly to both live food and water. In the third group, probiotic was added directly to water. Also, no probiotic treatment was maintained in control group. Total bacterial counts among probiotic probiotic-supplemented groups were significantly different from total bacterial counts in controls in water and digestive tract of larvae (p < 0.05). The mean of total bacterial counts in control was approximately 4 × 10⁴-fold increased from the experimental groups in the sea water (p < 0.05). Besides, mean digestive enzyme activities of all probiotics treatment groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) with that of the control. Except probiotic water supplementation group, in all treatments, the specific activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in larvae to which probiotic had been supplemented by live food and live food with water. Also, S. aurata larvae that had probiotic administered by live food with water demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) increases in both survival (13–105% higher) and specific growth rate (2–9% higher) as compared to controls. As a result, supplementation of probiotic to directly tank water could not significantly increase growth parameters and digestive enzyme activities and therefore, administration of probiotics by this method would not be effective in terms of husbandry parameters and nutritional condition.     

Apparent digestibility of macro‐nutrients and phosphorus in plant‐derived ingredients for Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar and Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus

Alternative protein sources for aquafeeds need to be indentified in order to increase the efficiency of production. Many studies have examined terrestrial plant meals/protein concentrates as alternatives. Recently the focus has turned to aquatic protists and plants as well as by‐products from other industries, such as breweries. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, were fed diets containing canola meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, soy protein concentrate, barley protein concentrate, and solar dried algae included at 30% of the test diet. Barley protein concentrate had the highest apparent protein digestibility values for both species (96.3% for Atlantic salmon and 85.1% for Arctic charr), followed by corn gluten meal. Algae had the highest organic matter digestibility value for arctic charr (80.1%) while corn gluten meal had the highest organic matter digestibility value for Atlantic salmon (88.4%). Algae had a high energy apparent digestibility coefficient (82.4 salmon, 82.7 charr) along with corn gluten meal (78.5 salmon, 82.7 charr) for both species. In general, Atlantic salmon had higher apparent digestibility coefficients compared to Arctic charr for most of the tested ingredients. Both corn gluten and barley protein concentrate appear good candidates as alternative protein sources with both species.     

Lactic acid fermentation of wheat and barley whole meal flours improves digestibility of nutrients and energy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets

The effects of lactic acid fermentation of wheat and barley whole meal flours (WMF) on digestibility parameters in Atlantic salmon were studied. The WMFs were inoculated with a specific Lactobacillus strain and fermented for 16 h at 30 °C prior to mixing with other feed ingredients and processing by extrusion. Fermentation of the WMFs significantly decreased total starch (P<0.01) and total mixed-linked (1–3)(1–4)-β-glucan (P<0.001) contents in both cereals. Soluble β-glucans decreased (P<0.001) from 25.2 to 12.0 g kg⁻¹ dry matter in barley WMF during fermentation. In Experiment 1, where diets with 24% untreated wheat or barley WMF and 12%, 24%, or 36% fermented WMFs were fed to Atlantic salmon (0.5 kg) for 25 days, there were indications of improved starch and fat digestibility by fermentation. Experiment 2 comprised diets containing 24% untreated or fermented wheat or barley WMFs fed to each of triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (0.5 kg) during a 17-day experimental period. This experiment showed that protein (P<0.001), fat (P<0.05) and energy (P<0.001) were more efficiently digested in diets with wheat than in diets with barley. Apparent digestibility of starch was greatly improved by fermentation (P<0.001), more in barley diets (from 47.5% to 67.0%) than in wheat diets (from 51.7% to 65.4%). Improvements in digestibility of fat (P<0.05) and energy (P<0.001) were obtained by fermenting the cereals. The absorption of Na was higher for salmon fed wheat than barley diets (P<0.05). Fermentation resulted in improved Na absorption (P<0.01); from 68.8% to 73.2% for wheat diets and from 60.3% to 71.7% for barley diets. Fermentation caused a significant (P<0.05) improvement in Zn absorption from 32.7% to 40.5% for wheat diets and from 33.2% to 43.5% for barley diets. This may be related to the significant reduction in phytic acid levels seen in both fermented cereals (P<0.001). In conclusion, the potential of wheat and especially barley as ingredients in salmon diets is greatly improved by fermentation.     

酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼生长、免疫力、抗氧化性及抗无乳链球菌感染的影响

本研究旨在探究饲料中添加酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、免疫力和抗病力的影响。在基础饲料中添加0 (对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的酵母水解物制成5种实验饲料,对5组初始体重为(25.80±0.45) g的吉富罗非鱼进行为期8周的养殖实验,每组 3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。实验结束后,每个重复选择12尾鱼进行无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)攻毒实验,每尾鱼腹腔注射0.2 mL浓度为8.3×105 CFU/mL的菌液,连续观察14 d,统计累积死亡率。结果显示,随着酵母水解物添加量的增加,吉富罗非鱼终末体质量(FBW)和特定生长率(SGR)均呈先显著上升(P<0.05)后下降的趋势。回归分析表明,当SGR达到最大值时,对应的酵母水解物添加量为1.29%。罗非鱼血清一氧化氮合酶、酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均随饲料中酵母水解物添加量的提高呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),添加量为1.5%时达最大值。饲料添加酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼无乳链球菌的抵抗力有显著影响(P<0.05),除添加量为0.5%的实验组死亡率与对照组差异不显著外,其他实验组罗非鱼的死亡率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。本研究中,饲料添加酵母水解物可有效提高吉富罗非鱼的生长性能、免疫力和抗病力,且在添加量为1.5%时,效果最显著。