中国小型猪内源性反转录病毒研究进展与对策

作者介绍了国内外猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）研究进展,简述了中国不同品种小型猪PERV存在情况、PERV前病毒全基因克隆与序列分析、细胞水平鉴定方法、感染HEK293细胞研究平台的创建、猪A3F对PERV的抑制作用研究,以及从分子遗传学上揭示不同品系PERV特异性等创新性研究成果,分析了五指山小型猪近交系具有PERV基因拷贝少且没有PERV-C等特异性,以及展望培育中国PERV阴性猪新品系方法等研究,以期为人类异种器官移植和生物医用材料产品安全性研发,解决小型猪PERV疾病传播危险性提供科学对策和新的方向。     

中国巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的检测

目的 :对我国特有巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒 ( porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV)的存在与 m RNA的表达情况进行检测 ,了解巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的携带情况。方法 :根据以往建立的 PCR、RT-PCR检测方法 ,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的 DNA和RNA样品进行 PERV核心蛋白基因 ( gag)、多聚酶基因 ( pol)及囊膜基因 ( env)的存在与表达进行检测 ;同时 ,根据目前通用的 env基因分型方法检测 PERV env-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达。结果 :在 1 2个被检的 DNA样品中均检出了PERV特异性 DNA的存在 ;同样 ,在 1 2个被检的 RNA样品中均有 PERV特异性 RNA的表达 ,且所表达的 PERV均为 A型和 B型 ;其中有9个 DNA样品检测出 PERV-C型的存在 ,所有样品中均未检出 C型 PERV的表达。结论 :检测结果表明 1 2个被检巴马小型猪基因组中存在着内源性反转录病毒序列 ,且能以 m RNA的形式表达 ,这一结果为我国特有小型猪的开发、利用及其病毒安全性评价奠定了基础。     

Large-scale survey of porcine endogenous retrovirus in Chinese miniature pigs

We conducted a large-scale survey on the existence and expression status of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) in seven breeds of Chinese miniature pigs. Genotyping of PERV was examined by PCR using type-specific primers according to the env genotyping method. The presence and expression status of viral gag, pol and env genes were further analyzed in Wuzhishan pigs (WZSP) and Bama minipigs (BMP). The results showed that PERV existed in all 348 genomic DNA samples. The genotype distribution was subtype A-74.43%, subtype B-95.40% and subtype C-30.46%. No expression of subtype C was found in WZSP and BMP. This research obtained an adequate level of information on the molecular epidemiology of PERV in China. The results indicated that it is possible to monitor pig herds for individuals with the lowest PERV prevalence, especially lacking PERV-C.     

中国巴马小型猪封闭群内源性反转录病毒存在状况分析

检测分析猪内源性反转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus;PERV);PERV)在中国巴马小型猪封闭群中的携带情况.根据本实验室已建立的PCR、RT-PCR检测方法,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的DNA和RNA样品进行PERV核心蛋白基因(gag)、多聚酶基因(p0l)及囊膜基因(env)的存在与表达进行检测;同时根据目前通用的env基因分型方法检测PERVenv-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达情况.所有被检样品不仅存在PERV gag、pol、env特异性DNA,而且都能够转录为RNA;所有样品同时存在PERV A、B亚型的前病毒,且有70%个体还同时存在PERV-C亚型前病毒,但仅有90%样品检测到PERV-A亚型的表达,50%检测到PERV-B亚型的表达,而所有的样品均未检测到PERV-C型的表达.巴马小型猪封闭群外周血淋巴细胞基因组中存在PERV-A、B、C 3种亚型,但仅有A、B两种亚型能够表达.PERV-A、B、C 3种亚型的同时存在,预示着巴马小型猪封闭群中存在不同亚型病毒重组的可能性.     

巴马小型猪主要细胞因子的克隆及序列分析

为了丰富广西巴马小型猪细胞因子生物学数据,本试验采取广西巴马小型猪的外周血,分离淋巴细胞,提取总RNA,利用设计的引物进行RT-PCR扩增,将克隆出的与目的基因大小相符的片段回收,再与T载体连接,转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中,筛选阳性克隆,将重组菌测序后提交NCBI,比较克隆序列与已知序列的同源性,并利用软件对克隆序列进行分析。结果表明,已克隆出的巴马小型猪细胞因子IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α基因序列长度分别为338、377、380、402 bp,测序结果均与目的基因预期估计值吻合。序列分析结果发现与已知的家猪或野猪的相应基因同源性较高,IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α序列同源性分别为98.9%、99.5%、99.2%、100%。研究巴马小型猪细胞因子基因序列不仅丰富了生物学数据,而且为细胞因子的功能研究提供了依据,也为细胞因子的定量检测奠定了基础。     

Porcine endogenous retrovirus copy number in different pig breeds is not related to genetic diversity

The risk of zoonoses is a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) poses a potential risk of zoonotic infection, and its control is a prerequisite for the development of clinical xenotransplantation. The copy number of PERV varies among different breeds, and it has been suggested that the PERV integrations number is increased by inbreeding. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the copy number of PERV in different Spanish pig breeds, Spanish wild boar and commercial cross-bred pigs from five different farms and genetic background (CCP1-CCP5) and (ii) to investigate the correlation between PERV copy number and the genetic background of the pigs in order to improve the selection of pigs for xenotransplantation. PERV copy number was determined by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reactions. Thirty-four microsatellite markers were genotyped to describe the genetic diversity within populations (observed and expected heterozygosities, Ho and He, respectively) and the inbreeding coefficient (F). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PERV copy number and Ho, He and F. The copy number of PERV among different pig breeds was estimated to range between three (CCP1) and 43 copies (Iberian Pig). Statistical differences were found among the studied populations concerning PERV copy number. No correlation was found between the PERV copy number and the heterozygosity (calculated at an individual level or at a population level) or the inbreeding coefficient of each population. Our data suggest that pigs inbreeding does not increase PERV copy number and support the idea that careful selection of pigs for organ donation with reduced PERV copy number will minimize the risk of retrovirus transmission to the human receptor.     

小型猪作为人类疾病动物模型在生物医学研究中的应用

与啮齿类小型实验动物模型相比,小型猪因其解剖学、生理学、疾病发生等方面与人类极为相似,且价廉、无伦理问题等方面的原因,在生物医学研究领域中具有广阔的应用前景,尤其在人类疾病动物模型制作、新药安全性评价、异种器官移植等领域应用更广.论文主要综述了国内外小型猪作为心血管疾病、消化系统疾病、皮肤烧(烫)伤、口腔疾病、异种器官...     

荣昌猪和两种小型猪遗传背景的微卫星分析

荣昌猪是我国优良地方品种,巴马香猪和贵州小型香猪为我国独特小型猪品系。本研究采用美国猪基因组协作计划推荐的19个微卫星标记对荣昌猪、荣昌猪B系、巴马香猪、贵州小型香猪及外来猪种大白猪进行了遗传学检测和分析。结果表明:19个微卫星位点在群体中均表现为多态,每位点等位基因数10~23个。5个猪种中荣昌猪B系的遗传多样性最高,荣昌猪次之;2种小型猪的遗传多样性较低,其中巴马香猪的等位基因数(121个)略大于贵州小型香猪(114个),但其遗传多样性指数(平均期望杂合度0.6535±0.0347)小于贵州小型香猪(0.6919±0.0227),反映了巴马香猪较低的基因杂合度和较小的遗传变异;大白猪的遗传多样性最低。从品系的共有等位基因来看,荣昌猪B系基因背景组成中其亲本品系荣昌猪所占比例(30.22%)要大于大白猪(24.37%);大白猪和其他4个猪群体的共享等位基因数均较低(21.24%~25.12%);巴马香猪和贵州小型香猪之间共有等位基因数最高(45.06%)。采用基于遗传距离的NJ法和基于基因频率的最大似然法进行系统聚类,除了大白猪明显为独立分支及荣昌猪B系表现出较远的聚类关系外,其他3个猪种间的聚类有所不同。     

猪内源性反转录病毒囊膜蛋白基因的克隆及其蛋白二级结构和B细胞表位预测

猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）是与猪-人异种移植病原安全性密切相关的一类病毒。env基因编码病毒的囊膜蛋白,它与病毒的亚型分类、宿主感染范围、细胞的嗜性以及对宿主细胞的感染机制、诱导宿主产生中和抗体等密切相关。本研究利用RT-PCR的方法,从五指山小型猪外周血淋巴细胞中扩增PERV的囊膜蛋白基因并进行测序,随后用生物信息学相关软件和方法,对PERV-Env蛋白二级结构及B细胞表位进行预测。经综合分析评价,结果发现PERV-Env蛋白有18个可能的B细胞优势抗原表位区域,7个可能的糖基化位点。该分析预测结果不但有利于PERV疫苗的设计、单抗及诊断试剂研制,而且将有助于分析Env蛋白的功能及PERV对人源细胞的感染机制。     

小型猪肝脏细胞色素P450基因CYP3A29克隆与序列分析

设计引物通过RT-PCR扩增巴马香猪和贵州小型猪香猪药物代谢关键P450基因CYP3A29基因的全长编码区,纯化并克隆入pMD 18-T载体,通过序列测定和比对分析其序列变异情况。17头小型猪共发现CYP3A29基因的5个单核苷酸变异位点,均表现为同义替换,对编码的氨基酸序列无影响;猪CYP3A29的单核苷酸变异和品系相关,在不同品系中可表现出品系特有的单核苷酸变异;贵州小型香猪G3 a2902发现1个可变剪接,缺失89 bp并产生移码,改变编码蛋白。本研究克隆的巴马香猪和贵州小型香猪CYP3A29基因及其序列变异情况,可为其作为药物代谢模型的应用提供技术资料。     

Production of transgenic and non-transgenic clones in miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Miniature pigs have been recognized as valuable experimental animals in various fields such as medical and pharmaceutical research. However, the amount of information on somatic cell cloning in miniature pigs, as well as genetically modified miniature pigs, is much less than that available for common domestic pigs. The objective of the present study was to establish an efficient technique of cloning miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. A high pregnancy rate was achieved following transfer of parthenogenetic (3/3) and cloned (5/6) embryos using female miniature pigs in the early pregnancy period as recipients after estrus synchronization with prostaglandin F2 alpha analog and gonadotrophins. The production efficiency of the cloned miniature pigs using male and female fetal fibroblasts as nucleus donors was 0.9% (2/215 and 3/331, respectively). Cloned miniature pigs were also produced efficiently (7.8%, 5/64) by transferring reconstructed embryos into the uteri of common domestic pigs. When donor cells transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used in nuclear transfer, the production efficiency of the reconstructed embryos and rate of blastocyst development were comparable to those obtained by non-transfected cells. When transfected cell-derived reconstructed embryos were transferred to three common domestic pig recipients, all became pregnant, and a total of ten transgenic cloned miniature pigs were obtained (piglet production efficiency: 2.7%, 10/365). Hence, we were able to establish a practical system for producing cloned and transgenic-cloned miniature pigs with a syngeneic background.     

THE KANGAROO ISLAND STRAIN OF PIG IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

The feral pig from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, has descended from British breeds released onto the Island by early explorers approximately 180 years ago. It has developed into a smaller pig than the modern commercial equivalent, with distinctive and reproducible physical characteristics and a physiology which appears to bestow on it some advantages in terms of fitness and vigour. It has adapted easily to laboratory and intensive piggery conditions where it has reproduced satisfactorily. It has a higher erythrocyte count and PCV than the equivalent Large White and a lower white blood cell count. Plasma Na, K and glucose were significantly higher and HCO₃ urea and creatinine lower in the Kangaroo Island strain. It represents a useful strain of pig for biomedical research, approaching in size the miniature pigs used overseas. A useful approach to routine bleeding of pigs is described.     

Expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in melanomas of Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds. Since some of them are able to infect human cells, they might represent a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. However, the expression and biological role of PERVs in healthy pigs as well as in porcine tumours is largely unknown. Since we and others have recently shown overexpression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K, in human melanomas, we studied the expression of PERVs in melanomas of selectively bred Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll. This breeding herd of MMS Troll is characterised by a high prevalence of melanomas, which histologically resemble various types of cutaneous melanomas in humans. Several genetic factors have been defined when studying inheritance of melanomas and melanocytic nevi in MMS Troll. Here we show that the polytropic PERV-A and PERV-B as well as the ecotropic PERV-C are present in the genome of all melanoma bearing MMS Troll investigated. Most interestingly, in the spleen, but not in other organs, recombinant PERV-A/C proviruses were found. PERV expression was found elevated in melanomas when compared to normal skin and viral proteins were expressed in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived melanoma cell cultures. During passaging of these cells in vitro the expression of PERV mRNA and protein increased and virus particles were released as shown by RT activity in the supernatant and by electron microscopy. Genomic RNA of PERV-A, -B and -C were found in pelleted virus particles. Although PERV expression was elevated in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived cell cultures, the function of the virus in tumour development is still unclear.     

Phylogenetic analysis for the Seoul National University (Minnesota) miniature pig by mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism

Seoul National University (SNU) miniature pigs are originated from the Minnesota miniature pig. This study was conducted to investigate the maternal origin of SNU (Minnesota) miniature pigs and their phylogenetic relationships by analyzing the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop (control region) sequence. Two mtDNA D‐loop sequences of the SNU miniature pigs were identified. On an unweighted pair‐group method with an arithmetic mean (UPGMA) phylogenetic tree analysis, the large white was the pig breed closest to the SNU miniature pig, and the pairwise distance analysis showed the same result. While mtDNA sequences of 4 pig breeds which were used to establish Minnesota miniature pig were not known, our result might be different from the history of the Minnesota miniature pig development. In conclusion, we thought that some haplotypes of the Minnesota miniature pig maternally were originated from the Large white pig, or that wild pigs had similar mtDNA sequences to the Large white pig, and all SNU miniature pigs were derived from this colony.     

Study on Differences of UCP3 Gene Expression of Reciprocal Crosses F1 with Luchuan Pig and Duroc Pig

In order to breed high quality pig strain and improve the pork quality,the intramuscular fat content and the differences of UCP3 gene expression were studied in Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 and its parents Luchaun pigs.8 head of Luchuan pigs,Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 generation were respectively selected to analyze the correlation of UCP3 gene expression with intramuscular fat and eye muscle area.Expression of UCP3 mRNA in muscles of different pig breeds were measured by Real-time RT-PCR,and the eye muscle area and intramuscular fat content were measured too.The results indicated that the eye muscle area,intramuscular fat and the UCP3 gene expression were significantly different in the three groups of pigs (P<0.05).The crossbreds inherited the big body size of Duroc,and the high intramuscular fat content of Luchuan pig.The extremely significantly negative correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and the pig eye muscle area,the extremely significantly positive correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and intramuscular fat content.UCP3 gene should be the main candidate gene for fat trait research in pigs.     

陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代UCP3基因表达差异研究

为培育优质猪品系,提高猪肉品质,本试验探索了陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代及其亲本陆川猪肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因表达差异。试验分别选取陆川猪、陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代各8头,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法测定肌肉中UCP3基因mRNA在不同品种猪中的表达量,并测定眼肌面积和肌内脂肪含量,以分析UCP3基因的表达量与脂肪和眼肌面积的相关性。结果显示,3组猪在眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因mRNA表达量上均差异显著(P<0.05),且正反交F1代均遗传了杜洛克猪体型大、陆川猪肌内脂肪含量高的优势,UCP3基因的表达量与猪眼肌面积呈极显著负相关,与肌内脂肪含量呈极显著正相关。初步推断UCP3基因可作为影响猪脂肪性状的主效基因。     

Experimental Isospora suis infections in miniature swine

Clinical responses to experimental Isospora suis infections were compared in Sinclair miniature pigs and cross-bred conventional pigs. Pre-patent periods, fecal consistencies, oocyst excretion dynamics, trends in surviving pig weights and lesions were similar in infected miniature and conventional pigs. The results indicate that the susceptibility of miniature pigs to I. suis is similar to that of conventional pigs. These findings should encourage their use as models for the study of neonatal coccidiosis.     

广西陆川猪和巴马香猪的分子生物学研究进展

陆川猪和巴马香猪均为产于广西被列入国家级地方品种遗传资源名录的具有优良性能的品种。近年来,深入开展地方品种猪的分子生物学基础研究已成为重点。作者现对广西陆川猪的遗传与繁殖、猪支原体肺炎病原分子致病机制,以及巴马香猪的遗传与繁殖、疾病模型方面的分子生物学研究作一综述。     

Age-related changes of bone mineral density and microarchitecture in miniature pigs

Bone mineral density (BMD), distribution of its density and bone histomorphometric parameters were evaluated in lumbar vertebra of normally growing miniature pigs. The fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) of the G?ttingen miniature pig were used in this cross-sectional study in vitro. The BMD of the miniature pig was similar to that of humans in tendency of gender differences and some growth patterns during puberty. In these regards this animal appears useful as a model for human bone study. However, the trabecular and cortical BMDs of lumbar spine were extremely high value (399.43 +/- 26.36 mg/cm(3) in female trabeculae; 973.06 +/- 69.55 mg/cm(3) in female cortical bone; 419.04 +/- 34.84 mg/cm(3) in male trabeculae; 1038.81 +/- 125.72 mg/cm(3) in male cortical bone in pigs 30 months or more). Furthermore, histomorphometric analysis yielded values that were remarkably different from those found in humans. From these results, it was revealed that miniature pig had a higher bone mass and denser trabecular network than human, indicating that its bone is probably stronger. Therefore, care should be taken in choosing the miniature pig as a bone study model.