乙酸诺卜酯的合成及其氧化反应的研究

由β-蒎烯合成诺卜醇，再由诺卜醇合成乙酸诺卜酯，产率分别为61．4％和84．4％。用二氧化铬酸性水溶液氧化乙酸诺卜酯，分离得到两个产物的纯品，经IR、MS、^1HNMR和^13C NMR分析后，确定为4-(1-甲基-1-羟基乙基)-1-环己烯-1-乙醇乙酸酯和4-(1-甲基-1-羟基乙基)-1-环己烯-1-乙醇。前者的GC含量占反应产物的50％～60％，是反应的主要产物，它是乙酸诺卜酯的四元环开裂后，再发生水合的产物，后者则由前者水解而来。通过GC-MS分析确定了反应产物中其他几个GC含量相对较高的组分，主要包括三组异构体，分别是2，3-环氧诺卜乙酸酯、1-羟基-2，3-环氧诺卜乙酸酯和5-羟基-2，3-环氧诺卜乙酸酯。对反应产物的分析结果表明：反应主要是四元环开裂，并进一步水合，另外伴有少量双键环氧化的产物，这些环氧化的产物还可进-步在C-1和C-5处发生叔氢氧化。     

微波辐射下SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响。结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响。优化的工艺条件为：诺卜醇质量20g,醇酸物质的量比1：1．15,微波辐射温度105℃,微渡功率650W,辐射时间85min,催化剂SO4^2-／Zr02-TiO2（Ti与Zr质量之比为6：1,焙烧温度450℃）用量为诺卜醇质量的2．5％,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率81．3％。此外,催化剂可重复使用4次。与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高。     

微晶纤维素的定向硫酸酯化修饰及其结构表征

为了构建具有不同取代模式的纤维素硫酸酯化学库,用以研究其构效关系,提出用定向硫酸酯化修饰微晶纤维素(MCC)的方法控制硫酸酯基在纤维素硫酸酯上的位置与分布.通过对MCC选择性酰氯酯化,向C-6引入大体积保护基团(CH3)3COC-,C-6被保护的中间产物经过硫酸酯化和脱保护基团反应,得到两种纤维素硫酸酯Na-MCS1和Na-MCS2,通过红外光谱、紫外 -可见光谱和13C NMR鉴定了中间产物和目标产物的结构,定量13C NMR揭示了Na-MCS1和Na-MCS2的硫酸酯基取代模式分别为C-6、C-2位同时取代和C-2位取代.     

微波辐射下SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响.结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响.优化的工艺条件为:诺卜醇质量 20 g,醇酸物质的量比1:1.15,微波辐射温度 105 ℃,微波功率 650 W,辐射时间 85 min,催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2(Ti与Zr质量之比为6:1,焙烧温度 450 ℃)用量为诺卜醇质量的 2.5 ﹪,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率 81.3 ﹪.此外,催化剂可重复使用4次.与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高.     

-蒎烯合成3-亚甲基诺蒎酮的研究

研究了以β-蒎烯为原料合成3-亚甲基诺蒎酮的反应.以丙酮为溶剂,以酸性高锰酸钾为氧化剂,β-蒎烯经选择性氧化生成诺蒎酮,研究了氧化剂体系、溶剂体系、反应温度和反应时间对β-蒎烯氧化选择性及诺蒎酮得率的影响.采用KOH为催化剂、37％甲醛水溶液为羟甲基化试剂与诺蒎酮进行羟醛缩合反应得到3-亚甲基诺蒎酮,探讨了诺蒎酮与甲醛物质的量之比、催化剂种类及用量、溶剂体系、反应温度以及反应时间等因素对反应的影响,并采用正交试验法优化了羟醛缩合反应工艺,并确定了适宜的合成工艺条件:n(甲醛)与n(诺蒎酮)为21∶1,n(KOH)与n(诺蒎酮)为1.5∶1,反应在无溶剂存在下进行,反应温度65 qc,反应时间2h.在此工艺条件下,3-亚甲基诺蒎酮得率大于92％.采用GC-MS、FT-IR、1H NMR、13C NMR等手段对合成所得产物的化学结构进行了分析测定.     

8-羟基别二氢葛缕醇及其衍生物的合成与驱避活性研究

以α-蒎烯（1）为原料，合成了8-羟基别二氢葛缕醇（3）及其甲酸酯（4）、乙酸酯（5）和丙酸酯（6），并用IR、MS、^1H NMR及^13C NMR分析对它们的结构进行了表征。按照国家标；隹GB 17322．10—1998测定了这4个化合物对白纹伊蚊的驱避活性。结果显示：化合物3对白纹伊蚊没有驱避活性，与之结构及其类似的对盖烯二醇等已被以往的研究证明具有驱避活性，因此极性官能团和手性碳原子位置可能是影响驱避活性的重要因素；衍生物6对白纹伊蚊没有驱避活性，这可能与其羰基部分太大有关，在目前的萜类驱避剂中尚极少见丙酸酯类；衍生物5具有一定的驱避活性，质量分数为20％时，对白纹伊蚊的驱避时间接近4h；衍生物4的驱避效果最好。质量分数为20％时，对白纹伊蚊的驱避时间可以达到7～8h，与避蚊胺（DETA）的驱避效果相同。     

两种硫酸酯化纤维素钠的结构和抗凝血活性研究

硫酸微晶纤维素钠(Na-MCS)和硫酸三醋酸纤维素钠盐(Na-CAS)分别是以微晶纤维素和三醋酸纤维素为原料、CISO3-DMF硫酸化方法制备的两种硫酸酯化纤维素钠，对其分别进行了结构和抗凝血活性的研究。红外光谱分析发现，两种硫酸酯化纤维素钠均存在硫酸酯键，元素分析测得其硫酸取代度分别为1．70和0.83，13C NMR进一步揭示了Na-MCS中硫酸酯基的分布为C-6位完全取代和C-2位部分取代，Na-CAS中硫酸酯基的取代仅发生在C-6位。抗凝血活性研究表明，添加Na-MCS和Na-CAS均能延长全血复钙时问、活化部分凝血活酶时问和凝血酶时间，但Na-CAS的抗凝血活性远低于Na-MCS。将抗凝血活性突出的Na-MCS与肝素钠相比，其抗凝血活性更强。     

催化α-蒎烯聚合

制备了中孔A1系和Zr系分子筛，用H2SO4和H3BO3处理中孔分子筛(MCM-41)分别得到强酸性SO4^2-／A1-MCM-41、SO4^2-／Zr-MCM-41、BO3^3-／A1-MCM-41及BO3^3-／Zr-MCM-41中孔分子筛催化剂。XRD、FT-IR及Hammet，指示剂测试结果表明：这些中孔分子筛具有一定的长程有序性，结晶较好；强酸基团已进入MCM-41骨架内部，并与骨架原子形成了化学健，从而产生强酸中心；H0值小于-12.76，具有超强酸性。以它们为载体，负载A1C13制成复合催化剂，催化α-蒎烯聚合，考察了载体种类、负载量及溶剂极性对α-蒎烯聚合的影响。     

氢化诺卜基甲酸及其酯的合成与结构分析

由氢化诺卜基氯(RCl)与金属镁在乙醚中反应制得氢化诺卜基氯化镁(RMgCl),然后通入二氧化碳并经稀盐酸水解合成了氢化诺卜基甲酸(RCOOH)。在草酸催化下,将氢化诺卜基甲酸分别与甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇和正己醇进行酯化反应,合成了氢化诺卜基甲酸的6种烷基酯,得率在85%以上,酯的GC纯度达98%以上,并对合成的酸与酯进行红外光谱(IR),核磁共振(1H NMR,13C NMR)与质谱(MS)分析,表征了其结构。     

乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚及其羧酸酯的合成与抑菌活性

由氢化诺卜基溴(1)与乙二醇在氢氧化钠作用下合成乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚(2),再与5种羧酸进行酯化反应制得乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚的5种羧酸酯,分别为乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚甲酸酯(3a)、乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚乙酸酯(3b)、乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚丙酸酯(3c)、乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚正丁酸酯(3d)和乙二醇单氢化诺卜基醚正戊酸酯(3e),5种产品得率和GC纯度均在90%以上。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(~1H NMR,~(13)C NMR)分析表征2和3a~3e的结构,并采用菌丝生长速率法测试了6个化合物对10种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,结果表明:在药液质量浓度500 mg/L时,6个化合物对10种植物病原真菌都有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物2对拟茎点霉菌、油茶炭疽病菌、辣椒菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、毛竹枯梢病菌的抑制率均高达100%,化合物3a对辣椒菌核病菌、猕猴桃果实拟茎点霉菌及莴苣菌核病菌的抑制率均高达100%,高于或等同于相同质量浓度下百菌清对这些病原真菌的抑制率。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.