H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NA基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术对3株H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒新疆株的NA基因进行了扩增,分别得到了3个毒株的NA基因,序列分析表明,3个毒株NA的全长核苷酸序列均为1 380 bp.同源性分析表明,3个分离株之间的核苷酸同源性在95.1%～97.9%之间;与来自青海、浙江、广东、东南亚等不同地区水禽禽流感病毒毒株的同源性为90.3%～98.8%;与分离自香港、浙江、越南等地区的流感病毒同源性为86.7%～97.9%.     

鸭源流感病毒分离株表面蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

从湖南分离得到一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),首先设计合成两对HA和NA基因特异性引物,采用两步法RT-PCR,对鸭流感病毒株 A/Duck/HunanWugang/2/2004(H5N1)(简称DK/HNWG/2/04)的表面蛋白基因进行序列测定,并与国内外已经发表的H5N1亚型毒株表面蛋白基因进行序列分析和比较.结果表明,HA和NA基因全长分别约为1.7 kb和1.4 kb,分离株与14个参考毒株HA基因的同源性为95.9%～98.0%,NA基因的同源性为87.0%～98.4%.根据HA基因核苷酸序列推导HA裂解位点氨基酸,发现分离株的裂解位点包含多个碱性氨基酸,符合高致病性禽流感的特征.     

5株禽新城疫病毒新疆分离株F基因序列测定与遗传进化分析

从新疆乌鲁木齐市郊区养禽场发病禽群中分离到4株鸡源新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)和1株鸽源NDV.经血凝HA试验鉴定,NDv分离株均具有血凝性,5个毒株的血凝特性均口J被NDV阳性血清所抑制.而不能被禽流感病毒(H5亚型与H9亚型)阳性血清抑制.本试验通过RT-PCR扩增了5株NDV全长F基因并进行了序列测定.序列分析表明,5株NDV的核苷酸序列分别为1662、1589、1676、1589和1662 bp,均含有1个开放阅读框,分别编码553、528、553、520和553个氨基酸;根据基因裂解位点的氨基酸序列分析表明.鸡源XJ/10/08株属于强毒株.XJ/3/07株、XJ/7/07株、XJ/9/08株和XJ/11/08株属于弱毒株;同源性分析表明,5个NDV新疆分离株与La Sota疫苗株的核苷酸同源性在83.7%～99.8%之间,与TaiWan95株核苷酸同源性在84.7%～93.3%之间;遗传发育进化树分析表明,分离到的4个弱毒株与La-Sota、Clone30、B1、BEA-45在同一亚群,属基因Ⅱ型,强毒分离株与TaiWan95、广东株(GD-1-98)、江苏株(JS-5-1)在同一进化分支内,属基因Ⅶ型.     

禽流感病毒H9N2河北分离株HA和NA基因的遗传进化分析

为了从分子水平上研究禽流感病毒H9N2河北分离株及其与经典H9N2参考毒株基因的相应序列的同源性和遗传进化关系,试验选用2008年分离自河北省张家口市某鸡场的蛋鸡H9N2,采用RT-PCR分别扩增分离株HA和NA基因片段cDNA,并对所得序列进行同源性比较和遗传进化分析。结果表明:与经典参考毒株A/Duck/HongKong/G1/97、A/Duck/HongKong/Y439/97、A/Duck/HongKong/Y280/97和A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94之间核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分别为89.7%～97.2%、88.5%～96%和91.0%～95.8%、89.8%～96.0%。禽流感病毒H9N2河北分离株属于欧亚谱系中的类Y280-like分支,与中国最早的分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94相距较远。说明禽流感病毒H9亚型随着流行时间而发生了遗传分化。     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)在广西中越边境地区的流行情况,本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒,命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6),对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定,并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示,分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)的核苷酸同源性最高(96.9%),NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016(H5N6)的核苷酸同源性最高(98.2%)。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征;与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样,分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外,本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定,结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2,3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6)是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

5株禽新城疫病毒新疆分离株F基因序列测定与遗传进化分析

从新疆乌鲁木齐市郊区养禽场发病禽群中分离到4株鸡源新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）和1株鸽源 NDV。经血凝HA试验鉴定,NDV分离株均具有血凝性,5个毒株的血凝特性均可被NDV阳性血清所抑制,而不能被禽流感病毒(H5亚型与H9亚型)阳性血清抑制。本试验通过RT-PCR扩增了5株NDV全长F基因并进行了序列测定。序列分析表明,5 株 NDV 的核苷酸序列分别为1662、1589、1676、1589和1662 bp,均含有1个开放阅读框,分別编码 553、528、553、520 和 553个氨基酸;根据基因裂解位点的氨基酸序列分析表明,鸡源XJ/10/08株属于强毒株, XJ/3/07株、XJ/7/07株、XJ/9/08株和XJ/11/08株属于弱毒株;同源性分析表明,5 个 NDV新疆分离株与 La Sota 疫苗株的核苷酸同源性在 83.7%～99.8% 之间,与 TaiWan95 株核苷酸同源性在 84.7%～93.3% 之间;遗传发育进化树分析表明, 分离到的4个弱毒株与LaSota、Clone30、B1、BEA-45在同一亚群,属基因Ⅱ型,强毒分离株与TaiWan95、广东株(GD-1-98)、江苏株(JS-5-1)在同一进化分支内,属基因Ⅶ型。     

鸭流感病毒4/2004-H6N2亚型毒株的血凝素基因全序列克隆与分析

2004初从正常鸭群中分离到一株鸭源禽流感病毒，命名为A／Duck／HN／4／2004(H6N2)。经对血凝素基因(HA)序列分析发现HA基因全长为1744bp，共编码566个氨基酸，在裂解位点仅含一个碱性氨基酸-精氨酸(R)，符合LPAIV的标准。将所得基因序列与已发表的同一亚型参考序列分析表明，与H6亚型流感HA基因同源性为89．2％-97．1％，经分子遗传演化分析表明本次分离株与香港分离株A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)、A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)最近。     

禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Yangzhou/N/2005(H9N2)HA基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank公开发表的H9N2型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因序列设计1对引物,用RT-PCR方法成功扩增出H9N2型禽流感病毒分离株A/Chicken/Yangzhou/N/2005(H9N2)HA基因,凝胶电泳结果显示,扩增产物为1.7 kb的单一条带,与预期结果相符.将PCR扩增片段连接到pCR2.1-T载体上,重组质粒酶切鉴定正确.序列测定分析结果显示,所获序列与GenBank中收录的H9N2亚型分离株核苷酸同源性最高达99%,与原型毒株A/Furkey/Wisconsin/1/1966(H9N2)氨基酸同源性为89%.对HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列分析表明,此毒株为低致病力毒株.     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒（AIV）在广西中越边境地区的流行情况，本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒，命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6），对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定，并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示，分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012（H1N2）的核苷酸同源性最高（96.9%），NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016（H5N6）的核苷酸同源性最高（98.2%）。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF，符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征；与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样，分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外，本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定，结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2，3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6）是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NS基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的H5N1禽流感病毒NS基因全序列设计了1对引物，对4株禽流感病毒新疆株的NS基因进行了RT—PCR扩增，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上，分别获得了全长为817、851、854、854bp的全基因序列。序列分析结果表明，新疆毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97．8％～98．9%，氨基酸同源性为96．5％～98．7％，与广东、香港和东南亚等不同地区的11个毒株比较，同源性为90．0％～99．4％；与来自野禽、猪等不同种类的11个流感毒株比较，同源性为81．4％～99．3％。系统进化树分析表明，新疆株独立分支。     

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from India

The present study was undertaken to isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states of central and south India, respectively. Blood, heart, and brain from a total of 741 chickens were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii, as assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT >or = 1:5) were found in 133 (17.9%) chickens. Hearts and brains of 186 chickens were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and/or brains of most of the seronegative (MAT < 1:5) chickens were fed to 20 T. gondii-free cats, while 32 seropositive chickens (MAT 1:5) were fed to 3 cats. T. gondii was not isolated from any of the chickens by mouse bioassay. Five of the cats that were fed seronegative chickens shed oocysts, while isolates were not obtained from any of the other cats fed seropositive chickens. These five isolates, along with the two that were previously isolated in India through cat bioassay, were genetically analyzed. Genotyping using the SAG 2 locus indicated that two isolates were type II and five were type III. Microsatellite analysis revealed allelic differences between and within the lineages. This is the first report of genetic characterization of any T. gondii isolate from India.     

Aerobic bacterial flora from dead-in-shell chicken embryos from Nigeria

Dead-in-shell chicken embryos from two commercial hatcheries in Anambra State of Nigeria were investigated for isolation of aerobic bacteria. For this purpose, 79 pooled samples containing 632 dead-in-shell chicken embryos were cultured. From these samples, 23 isolates of Escherichia coli and 25 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were recorded. Other bacterial species isolated included Micrococcus sp. (fifteen isolates), Klebsiella sp. (thirteen isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (nine isolates), and Proteus sp. (seven isolates). Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp. could not be isolated. A high incidence of pathogenic strains of bacteria from dead-in-shell chicken embryos was observed. This suggests that the isolates may have contributed to the embryonic mortality and reduced hatchability recorded in the farms investigated.     

素材来自生产 灵感源于交流——广西大学韦平教授专访

2008年9月29日上午,借"中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第十四次学术研讨会"在扬州落幕的空隙,广西大学教授、广西养禽与禽病研究所所长韦平来到<中国家禽>编辑部参观指导.此间,本刊就广西黄鸡产业的现状及存在问题、禽免疫抑制病及加强交流对科研工作的重要性等话题对韦教授进行了专访.本文择其精华刊发.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies from wild canids from Brazil

The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was evaluated by the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test in serum of 57 wild canids from three different species: Lycalopex gymnocercus, Cerdocyon thous and Dusicyon vetulus from the northeast, southeast and southern regions of Brazil. The prevalence was 35.1%, with 20 of the 57 canids demonstrating antibodies anti-T. gondii at dilutions of 1:16 in 2, 1:32 in 4, 1:64 in 2, 1:128 in 2, 1:256 in 6, 1:512 in 2 and 1:2048 in 2 animals. None of the D. vetulus were positive. Among the L. gymnocercus 11 (91.7%) of the 12 samples were positive and among C. thous 9 (60%) of the 15 had antibodies anti-T. gondii.     

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Brazil

Until recently, Toxoplasma gondii was considered clonal with very little genetic variability. Recent studies indicate that T. gondii isolates from Brazil are genetically and biologically different from T. gondii isolates from USA and Europe. In the present study, we retyped 151 free range chicken isolates from Brazil including 117 newly isolated samples from 11 geographically areas (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranh?o, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, S?o Paulo, Sergipe, and Rondonia) and 34 previously reported isolates from the very north (Pará) and the very south (Rio Grande do Sul). Ten PCR-RFLP markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico were used to genotype all isolates. Overall analysis of 151 T. gondii isolates revealed 58 genotypes. Half (29/58) of these genotypes had single isolate and the other half of the genotypes were characterized with two or more isolates. Only 1 of 151 isolates was clonal Type I strain and 5 were clonal Type III strains. Two isolates had mixed infections. Clonal Type II strain was absent. One strain was Type II at all loci, except BTUB. The results confirm high genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates from Brazil.     

Isolation of Giardia from a llama and from sheep.

Giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (Lama glama) and in feces of lambs (Ovis aries) from Wisconsin, U.S.A. All of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. Giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. Furthermore, Giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unquiculatus). The finding of Giardia in the llama represents a new host recorded for this parasite. Also, this is the first report of Giardia-infected sheep from the Western Hemisphere.     

Live foals produced from sperm-injected oocytes derived from pregnant mares

Recently, in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the horse has met with less than anticipated results. Various problems associated with equine IVF include: (1) the inability to collect large numbers of good quality oocytes, (2) the alteration of the zona pellucida associated with in vitro maturation of equine oocytes, and (3) the improper preparation of equine sperm cells for IVF of these oocytes. Therefore, this study was conducted to achieve fertilization via sperm injection of equine oocytes and to produce live offspring from this IVF procedure. Oocytes were collected by transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval procedures from early pregnant mares of mixed breeds (day 14 to day 70 of pregnancy) and were matured in vitro and subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Injected oocytes were then cultured for 48 hours in either TCM-199 or P-1 medium (glucose and phosphate-free medium) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. Cleavage rates for embryos cultured in the two culture media were different (47% vs. 63% in TCM-199 and P-1, respectively). Also, four Grade 1 embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of four recipient mares (one embryo/mare) at 48 hours post-ICSI, with three pregnancies (75%) developing as ultrasonically demonstrated by the presence of an embryonic vesicle in the uterine body by day 16 post-ICSI. On June 23rd one live filly was born after 328 days of gestation and subsequently, a second healthy filly was born after 319 days of gestation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of live foals resulting from in vitro fertilization (via ICSI) of in vitro matured oocytes recovered from pregnant mares using an efficient, repeatable transvaginal ultrasound-guided procedure.