油桐桐酸合成酶基因克隆和植物表达载体构建

α-桐酸合成酶是控制亚油酸向α-桐酸(18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans)转化的关键酶。本研究以发育中的油桐种子为材料,利用改良TRIzoL法提取总RNA,并根据GenBank中已经登录的α-桐酸合成酶基因FADX的序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法,克隆得到FADX基因全长cDNA,长度为1221bp。通过生物信息学分析结果表明,该序列5’端和3’端非编码区序列长度分别为13bp和47bp,含有一个开放阅读框(14～1174bp),编码386个氨基酸,含有典型的脂肪酸脱氢酶结构域。将所得基因经BamHI和SacI酶切后插入表达载体质粒pBI121,构建反义表达载体pBI121fadx。     

桑树景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因的克隆、原核表达与植物表达载体的构建

景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)是卡尔文循环过程中的关键酶.利用RACE技术得到景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因全长cDNA,命名为MSBPase(GenBank登录号;DQ995346).MSBPase全长为1 527 bp,该序列含有1个1 179 bp的完整开放读码框,编码393个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子质量约为42.6 ku,等电点为5.85,其氨基酸序列与其他植物中已分离的SBPase有很高的同源性.对MSBPase编码的蛋白质(命名为MSBPase)进行结构预测分析表明,该蛋白富含无规卷曲(coil),高达64.29%,其次是α-螺旋(helix),为22.19%,而β-折叠(strand)只有13.52%.将MSBPase编码区插入原核表达载体pET30a( ),并转化到大肠杆菌菌株 BL21中,经过IPTG诱导,MSBPase融合蛋白在BL21菌株中成功表达.将得到的MSBPase编码区插入植物表达载体pBI121中,构建了MSBPase植物表达载体pBI121.SBP.     

麻疯树pepc基因正义、反义植物表达载体构建与功能初步分析

根据麻疯树pepc基因和植物表达载体的酶切位点特征,分别将pepc基因全长序列3 000 bp正向插入pCAMBIA2300,构建了正义表达载体pCAMBIA-Jcpepc,基因片段597 bp反向插入pBI121构建了反义表达载体pBIJcpepc.通过农杆菌介导,采用叶盘法转化烟草,通过对转基因植株的PCR和PCR...     

慈竹木质素合成酶基因4CL RNAi载体构建与烟草转化

根据慈竹4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(Na4CL)全长cDNA序列,通过RT-PCR从慈竹幼笋cDNA中扩增约600 bp的保守片段。DNAMAN多重比对分析表明,该目标片段与3条烟草4CL基因同源性达84.08%。将目标片段插入到pSK-int中间表达载体中,获得pSK-4CL-RNAi中间表达载体,然后将其转入植物双元表达载体pBI121中,构建该基因的shRNA表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草(K326)。对获得的抗性再生植株的PCR检测分析初步表明该基因已插入烟草基因组中。     

杉木木质素合成酶基因CCR的克隆和序列分析

以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)茎叶为材料,根据已报道的肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR结合RACE的策略克隆获得杉木CCR基因的全长cDNA(命名为CLCCR),该基因cDNA序列全长1 379 bp,具有一个975 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,简称ORF),编码324个氨基酸,序列分析表明:杉木CCR基因核苷酸序列与已报道的欧洲云杉(Picea abies,CAK18610.1)CCR基因具有87%的相似性;与其他植物氨基酸序列聚类分析显示杉木与松科植物欧洲云杉、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、火炬松(P.taeda)的亲缘关系较近。     

油茶DGAT1基因植物表达载体的构建

DGAT酶是三酰甘油(TAG)合成的Kennedy途径中唯一的限速酶,因此直接影响三酰甘油(TAG)的累积.本研究在已克隆分离到Co-DGAT1基因全长cDNA序列的前期基础上,利用含有双酶切位点的特异引物扩增出Co-DGAT1基因的开放读码框,定向克隆到植物转化载体pBI121中,并采用冻融法导入农杆菌LBA4404,为进一步通过转基因技术研究该基因的功能奠定了基础.     

浅黄根须腹菌γ-actin基因的克隆及表达分析

以油松的优良外生菌根真菌即浅黄根须腹菌为对象,用简并 PCR 法和 RACE 技术分离其γ－肌动蛋白基因( Rl-act)的全长 cDNA序列。该全长序列为1339 bp,包含一个1128 bp 的开放阅读框( ORF),编码375个氨基酸,5'端非翻译区(5'UTR)95 bp,3'UTR长度116 bp。Port Param 软件在线分析结果表明,该cDNA所编码的蛋白质理论等电点为5.01,相对分子质量为94.929 kD,具有真菌γ-actin 基因3个保守特征序列。Blast同源性检索结果表明,Rl-act序列与12种担子菌 actin 序列同源性均在97%以上,与同为外生菌根真菌的双色蜡蘑actin的亲缘关系最近。Rl-act基因在不同碳源及磷水平培养条件下表达量基本一致,验证了该基因作为分子内标的可靠性。     

哈茨木霉天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因SA76的3＇RACE扩增和序列分析

由EST获得全长cDNA对于结构基因组学和功能基因组学都是至关重要的,cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE是该领域中的重要研究方法.利用BD SMART RACE技术扩增编码分泌天冬氨酸蛋白酶SA76基因的3＇末端,将其与哈茨木霉cDNA文库中的SA76基因的EST序列进行序列拼接,获得2019bp的全长cDNA序列,其开放读码框长1593bp,5＇非编码区266bp,3＇非编码区201bp,编码530个氨基酸,有信号肽.哈茨木霉天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因与玉蜀黍赤霉、粗糙脉孢菌、球毛壳菌天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因的同源性分别为53%, 37%, 36%.利用BD SMART RACE技术首次从哈茨木霉中克隆天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因,为验证SA76基因的功能奠定基础,为进一步研究蛋白酶的作用机制及生物防治功能提供依据.     

油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶基因的克隆与序列分析

以油茶近成熟种子为材料,根据油茶EST文库中已知的脂氢过氧化物裂解酶EST序列,利用3’RACE与5’RACE技术,克隆到脂氢过氧化物裂解酶的全长cDNA序列。该基因全长1648bp,,包含一个1476bp开放阅读框长,编码491个氨基酸,5’与3’非编码分别为52bp、121bp。预测该蛋白相对分子量为54.7779KDa,等电点为6.77,是个叶绿体转运肽,N端包含有22个疏水氨基酸残基组成的序列,不仅具有转运肽富含的丝氨酸,还含有大量转运肽中很少存在的脯氨酸。多序列比对发现油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶核苷酸序列与茶的相似性达到96%,因此将该基因命名coHPL。     

杜仲HDR基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

以杜仲叶片cDNA为模板,采用反转录RCR及RACE技术分离出HDR基因的cDNA克隆,命名为EuHDR。EuHDR基因cDNA全长1 653 bp,5’端非编码区长82 bp,3’端非编码区长188 bp,编码460个氨基酸,与喜树HDR基因序列相似性最高,达82%;推导EuHDR氨基酸序列中包含转运肽序列(A1-A33)及植物HDR蛋白多个保守的功能位点(A117,A208,A262,A345);EuHDR蛋白二级结构α-螺旋占35.65%,β-折叠占19.78%,螺环结构占44.57%;EuHDR蛋白三级结构为单体形式,呈不规则的三叶草形状;系统进化分析表明EuHDR蛋白与葡萄HDR蛋白的亲缘关系最为接近。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.