鸡胚胎干细胞的分离及其嵌合体制备条件探索

分离培养鸡胚胎干细胞(ESCs),体外培养传代后,进行碱性磷酸酶活性检测和SSEA-1染色鉴定;并用线性化的质粒pEGFP-N1转染鸡ESCs。受体种蛋经赤道面开窗后,将经转染的ESCs注射到受体鸡胚胚下腔,以便制作嵌合体鸡;对获得的嵌合体鸡分别提取血液和组织DNA后进行PCR检测。结果表明:5只存活的的嵌合体鸡血液中没有发生EGFP基因嵌合,但有4只嵌合体鸡的部分器官表达了EGFP基因,其中有2只鸡的性腺发生嵌合,表明利用赤道面开窗后对受体鸡进行胚下腔显微注射可以生产嵌合体鸡。     

鸡胚胎体外操作技术的研究现状和进展（续）

5嵌合体鸡的生产　　嵌合体制作最早主要用于发育生物学、细胞遗传学等学科的理论研究。目前，禽类嵌合体的制作中作供体细胞用的囊胚层细胞(BC)和原生殖细胞(PGCs)可以代替受精卵和早期胚胎用于体外遗传操作，已成为禽类转基因研究的一个热点。同时，BC和PGCs还可以在体外进行培养和冷冻保存。基本原理是经过遗传操作的BC细胞或PGCs细胞作供体，嵌合到受体胚胎中。如果是嵌合在生殖细胞，则该嵌合体性成熟后可产生一定比例经过遗传操作的配子。　　有关鸡嵌合体方面的报道及鸡嵌合体制作方法、嵌合体的嵌合程度的判断以及怎样提高嵌…     

供体PGCs在鸡-鸭嵌合体胚胎性腺外的发育

通过微注射法将鸡原始生殖细胞 (PGCs)注入到鸭的胚盘下腔中 ,用鸡 W染色体 DNA探针通过原位杂交的方法对供体 PGCs在嵌合体胚胎性腺外的发育作了研究。结果表明 ,所取的 4 8枚胚胎中 ,有 18.8%的脑内和 2 3.9%的神经管周围出现了阳性信号     

鸡胚盘细胞的研究进展

鸡胚盘细胞存在于未孵化的新鲜种蛋中，是一种具有多潜能性的胚胎干细胞。通过胚盘细胞移植法可制备体细胞或种系细胞嵌合体。如果将外源基因转入受体胚盘，受体胚后代则可能成为转基因鸡。利用胚盘细胞作为转基因载体，生产转基因鸡是研究禽类转基因的一种理想方法。作者就胚盘细胞及其研究进展给予综述。     

制作石蜡切片验证鸡胚盘显微注射外源DNA的效果

胚盘下腔是禽类胚胎发育到囊胚时出现的特有腔室,通过向禽类胚盘下腔注射外源细胞或基因是常用的制备嵌合体和转基因禽类的方法。本试验通过制备石蜡切片,验证胚盘下腔显微注射效果的方法。以白来航鸡种蛋为模型,向胚盘下腔中微注射少量的标记物,经过琼脂糖包埋脱水后制作石蜡切片,获得完整的鸡胚Ⅹ期胚盘切片。经过HE染色,可以观察到鸡胚Ⅹ期胚盘的上下胚层及胚盘下腔,鉴定标记物是否准确注入胚盘下腔中。结果表明利用本方法可以获取完整胚盘各个切面,准确检验胚盘显微注射效果,为改进显微注射方法和提高转基因禽类制备效率提供新的有利途径。     

鸡胚血液中PGCs的分离及原代培养

在鸡胚孵化48,50,54,56,60h的不同时期，分离血液中原始生殖细胞（PGCs)，分离前的浓度分别为0.011%,0.007%,0.006%,0.006%,0.004%,0.001%,分离后的浓度分别为0.245,1.21%,1.02%,0.64%,0.27%,孵化48－54h，血液中PGCs浓度差异不显著，但孵化48h的鸡胚液较少，PGCs绝对量较低。孵化52－54h的鸡胚血液量较大，获取PGCs的绝对值较高，故分离PGCs的时间以孵化52－54h为宜，鸡胚血液中PGCs在未中任何外源生长因子而含10％FCS的TCM－199培养基中体外培养，能够存活3－4d。     

禽类嵌合体技术及其在转基因中应用的研究进展

本文综述了禽类以囊胚层细胞（ＢＣ）和原生殖细胞（ＰＧＣ）为供体细胞的嵌合体制作技术及其在禽类转基因中应用的研究进展。嵌合体技术作为禽类转基因的手段之一具有诸多优点。迄今，禽类ＢＣ和ＰＧＣ为供体细胞的嵌合体制作，体细胞和种系嵌合程度分析的方法已建立，且具有较高的操作成功率和准确性。嵌合体性别分化规律和繁殖机能已作了初步研究。嵌合体技术应用于禽类转基因的方法路线已建立，导入外源基因的供体细胞在形成嵌合     

碱性磷酸酯酶基因在鸡胚和人乳腺癌细胞中的表达

通过PCR方法从pSEAP2-control质粒获得人胎盘碱性磷酸酯酶(PLAP)基因,并克隆到鸡输卵管特异性表达载体(pAB-Sig-SV40)卵清蛋白基因调控区下游.pSEAP2-contro1和pAB-Sig-AP-SV40质粒转染鸡胚细胞和乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7),转染48h后以对硝基苯磷酸钠(pNPP)为底物检测PLAP的活性,结果pSEAP2-contro1在鸡胚细胞和MCF-7细胞中表达PLAP,pAB-Sig-AP-SV40在鸡胚细胞中不表达,而在MCF-7细胞中表达.说明鸡胚细胞可以表达有活性的人源糖蛋白,另外也说明在雌激素受体细胞中,鸡卵清蛋白基因启动子可启动外源基因表达.     

四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞的毒性影响

采用四氯联苯处理发育至Ⅹ期的白来航鸡种蛋,孵化5.5天后取出胚胎进行全固定,用石蜡切片和PAS染色(高碘酸希夫试剂)研究四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的影响.结果表明,四氯联苯对发育至5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs数量和结构有明显影响,但雌二醇处理的5.5日胚龄鸡胚PGCs数量变化不显著,其结构无明显变化.表明四氯联苯对5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs的影响主要来自于其毒性作用.     

转移早期囊胚期细胞制备的嵌合体鸡

用显微注射方法将尼拉商品鸡鸡胚X期细胞液注入同期海兰鸡的囊胚腔中，再经体外培养至出雏，获得尼拉--海兰嵌合体鸡，嵌合体率为5%（3/60），出雏率为15%（9/60）。另一项实验是将受体鸡胚经过600rad^60Co辐射处理后再注入供体细胞并体外培养至出雏，结果嵌合体率为14.0%(8/57），孵化率为15.8%(9/57），其中两只毛色嵌合体公鸡存活至今已经8个月。嵌合体鸡的黑色羽毛可出现在多个部位，有两只鸡的腿部和喙的角质也出现黑色斑。嵌合体鸡血液DNA具有供体鸡的特征带。本研究为进一步制备转基因鸡奠定了基础，也为鸡的发育生物学研究和遗传学研究提供了实验材料。     

Contribution of blastoderm cells to Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)–Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos) chimeras

The purpose of this study was to produce quail–duck chimeras by transferring stage X blastoderm cells and to detect the distribution of donor cells in heterogeneous embryos using PCR. Four experimental groups were made by transferring different amounts of quail blastoderm cells into duck recipients. In early embryonic stages, donor cells labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye were observed in the head, neural tube and gonads by fluorescent microscopy. A total of 194 duck recipient embryos were injected and 93 survived to hatch. The average hatching rate was 48% (93/194); the hatching rate showed a significant difference among all the groups (P < 0.05). Sixteen somatic chimeras were obtained, 10 of which had black feathers derived from the donor quail. The PCR results showed that donor cells were distributed in various tissues and organs of the phenotypic chimeras. This is the first report on producing Japanese quail–Peking duck chimeras by transferring quail blastoderm cells into the subgerminal cavity of the duck. This technique will provide a basis for the investigation of fertilization barriers in interspecies germline chimeras and will aid conservation of endangered wild birds.     

四氯联苯对鸡胚生殖新月原始生殖细胞分布的影响

为了探索四氯联苯(2,2′,5,5′)对鸡胚生殖新月原始生殖细胞(PGCs)分布的影响,本试验将四氯联苯注入种蛋的胚盘(第X期)处,在38℃,相对湿度60%,每2h45度转蛋的条件下孵化至原条期,通过不同方法检测原条期生殖新月明区、暗区及血液循环中的PGCs,探讨四氯联苯对胚盘生殖新月区PGCs分布的影响。结果表明,四氯联苯明显降低了原条期明区和血液中PGSs的数量(P<0.01),但对暗区PGCs的数量影响不明显。这说明四氯联苯对血液中PGCs的影响是由于降低了生殖新月明区PGCs的缘故,和暗区的PGCs无相关性。     

Effect of soft X-ray irradiation on the migratory ability of primordial germ cells in chickens

1. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of soft X-ray irradiation on the migratory ability of primordial germ cells (PGCs) to the germinal ridges of chicken embryos. 2. PGCs (Barred Plymouth Rock, BPR) were isolated from embryonic blood and irradiated with soft X-rays for 1-10 min. Then, the PGCs were transfected in vitro with GFP gene by lipofection. The manipulated PGCs were transferred to recipient embryos (White Leghorn, WL) and migration to the germinal ridges was analysed by examining GFP gene expression in the gonads of recipient embryos under UV light at x40 magnifications. The expression of GFP gene was detected in all the gonads of recipient embryos examined up to 10.5 d of culture. 3. Migration of PGCs irradiated with soft X-rays to the germinal ridges was also confirmed by detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA of BPR and WL chickens. Freshly collected PGCs (BPR) were transferred to the bloodstream of recipient embryos (WL). The fate of the transferred donor PGCs was traced by detecting the single nucleotide polymorphism in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA in BPR and WL used in this study. Transferred donor PGC-derived cells were detected in all the gonads of 17-d cultured embryos by PCR. 4. The results suggest that PGCs irradiated with soft X-rays still retain the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges of recipient embryos.     

Perspectives on avian stem cells for poultry breeding

Stem cells have prulipotency to differentiate into many types of cell lineages. Recent progress of avian biotechnology enabled us to analyze the developmental fate of the stem cells: embryonic stem cells / primordial germ cells (PGCs). The stem cells were identified in the central area of the area pellucida of the stage X blastoderms. These cells could be applied for production of germline chimeras and organ regeneration. Generation of medical substrate in transgenic chickens has considerable interests in pharmaceuticals. Sex alteration of the offspring should be enormously beneficial to the poultry industry. Fertilization of the sex‐reversed sperm could lead to sexual alteration of the offspring. These strategies using stem cells / PGCs should be one of the most powerful tools for future poultry breeding.     

17β雌二醇对鸡胚原始生殖细胞体外培养的影响

为探讨17β雌二醇（E2）对体外鸡胚原始生殖细胞（EPGC）发育的影响,采用EDTA 胰酶解离法获得第28期鸡胚性腺中的PGCs,依据差速贴壁原理分离纯化PGCs,然后置于添加不同浓度 （0、5、10、20 ng/mL）17βE2的培养液中进行培养。结果显示,5 ng/mL 17βE2添加组与0 ng/mL 17βE2对照组相比,PGCs的发育能力无显著差异,而10 ng/mL和20 ng/mL 17βE2两添加组与0 ng/mL及5 ng/mL组相比,PGCs的发育能力差异显著（P<0.05）。但是,10 ng/mL和20 ng/mL 17βE2两添加组相比,PGCs的发育能力无显著差异。由此说明在体外环境中,一定浓度的17βE2（10 ng/mL、20 ng/mL）可促进鸡原始生殖细胞的发育。     

ZB transposon and chicken vasa homologue (Cvh) promoter interact to increase transfection efficiency of primordial germ cells in vivo

ABSTRACT

1. In order to increase the efficiency of generating transgenic chicken, this trial focused on two points: primordial germ cells (PGCs）transfection in vivo and a germline-specific promoter.

2. In order to transfect PGCs in vivo, two plasmids (pZB-CAG-GFP, pCMV-ZB）were co-injected into chicken embryos via the subgerminal cavity at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 2–3 or via blood vessel at HH stage 13–14. Results showed that the percentage of GFP+ embryos, viability and hatching rate of embryos injected at HH stage 13–14 were significantly higher than that at HH stage 2–3.

3. Two plasmid transposon systems were used for chicken embryo micro-injections. The donor plasmid, with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, was mediated by the ZB transposon. The helper plasmid was a transposase expression vector driven by the promoter of the chicken vasa homologue (Cvh) gene or Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Results showed that 60.98% of gonads in Cvh group expressed GFP, which was 52.50% higher than seen in the CMV group. Only gonad tissue from the Cvh group showed any GFP signal, whereas both gonads and other tissues in the CMV group showed green fluorescence.

4. The data suggested that ZB transposon-mediated gene transfer was efficient for transfecting PGCs in vivo; the Cvh promoter drove the transposase gene specifically in the germline and increased the efficiency of germline transmission. Blood vessels injection at HH stage 13–14 may be a more efficient route for PGCs transfection in vivo.     

乌鸡肉与鸭肉的口感对比及其消费量调查

本文主要通过对比不同年龄段消费人群对乌鸡肉与鸭肉的口感评价来分析乌鸡在我国居民中的消费情况,并做相应的统计学分析,以便科学地指导乌鸡生产和消费。     

北京油鸡与红宝鸡杂交后代的生长性状研究

用北京油鸡与红宝鸡进行正反杂交，并与红宝、北京油鸡进行比较观察，测定其后代生长速率、饲料报酬。结果表明，红宝与北京油鸡杂交可明显提高北京油鸡杂交后代的生长速度和饲料报酬。试验还表明，在生长速率上，红宝鸡的母本效应明显，北京油鸡作父本应用比用作母本效果好，周增重速率从第３周时就表现出快速趋势     

鸡和鸭痛风病例的病理学观察

通过对鸡痛风和鸭痛风病例的病理学变化观察发现,鸡痛风是以内脏型和关节型同时发生的一种痛风,并且在肾脏形成大量痛风结节,呈现慢性经过;鸭痛风是一种内脏型痛风,呈亚急性痛风,并且在肾脏和脾脏形成少量痛风结节。结果说明尿酸盐在内脏组织的沉着是造成组织损伤和痛风结节形成的主要原因。