野生和养牡蛎种群的比较摄食生理研究

１９９５年４￣５月在山东省荣成市桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对该湾野生和养殖太平洋牡蛎种群不同大小个体的摄食生理进行了比较研究。实验结果表明，野生和养殖太平洋牡蛎种群在滤水率、选择率和吸收率等方面无明显的差异，但在保留率和摄食率等方面有明显的差异。这说明野生种群能比养殖种群更好地过滤下并摄入海水中的颗粒物。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了野生和养殖牡蛎种群的滤水率与个体体重的关系为：ＦＲｗ＝２．８８２３     

2012年我国部分地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性分析

近年来大肠杆菌病日益成为制约养猪业发展的重要细菌性疾病,但由于大肠杆菌复杂的血清型以及全国各地区存在的大肠杆菌耐药性的差异导致其防治越来越困难。鉴于此,文章对2010—2011年发表的猪源大肠杆菌药敏试验结果进行了总结,对我国部分地区大肠杆菌耐药率进行了统计分析,为临床药品的合理选用、猪大肠杆菌病的防治提供科学的理论依据,并给出了相应的防治措施。     

溶解氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸氮对大菱鲆幼鱼生长代谢的影响研究

以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为试验对象,在室内进行为期60 d的生长、代谢试验.采用正交设计,设定不同浓度的溶解氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸氮,研究在三者作用下大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢情况.结果表明,溶解氧和氨氮对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢有显著影响,而亚硝酸氮对其影响不显著.提高溶解氧的浓度能显著降低非离子氨和亚硝酸氮对大菱鲆幼鱼的毒性,改善其生长环境,并能有效的提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢.研究表明,在循环水养殖过程中,可以通过增加溶解氧的浓度来降低有毒物质对大菱鲆的毒性,以此减小生物处理的压力,从而在循环水养殖系统设计过程中减少生物过滤装置的成本投入,提高经济效益.     

饲料添加活性污泥对刺参生长、摄食及代谢的影响

为研究在海参商品饲料中添加不同含量的活性污泥对刺参养殖的效果,进行了60 d养殖试验,结果表明:添加20%和30%活性污泥组刺参增重率、日增重和特定生长率最高,投喂海参商品饲料组次之,而投喂污泥组刺参的生长最慢。投喂活性污泥和商品饲料的刺参摄食率、排粪率、饲料转化率、有机质同化率都高于投喂污泥组,在活性污泥组中,四个指标随着活性污泥添加量增加而总体呈递减趋势。投喂商品饲料和投喂20%、30%活性污泥添加量的刺参耗氧率和排氨率与污泥组相比较高。这些结果表明饲料中添加活性污泥可以促进刺参生长,提高刺参的摄食率和同化效率,对刺参耗氧率和排氨氯有一定的影响。     

乌鳢的食性与摄食率的研究

分析了天然水域中乌鳢的食物组成及摄食强度，并在实验室条件下，对乌鳢的摄食习性（包括日摄食率、饱食率、摄食频度、饵料动物规格以及对食物的选择性）进行了试验观察     

不同工艺方法对鱿鱼热风干燥效果的影响

采用热风干燥技术对鱿鱼胴体进行了2组不同工艺方法的试验研究,对2种试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,不同干燥工艺方法对鱿鱼干燥效果产生显著影响。采用第2组试验方案进行干燥,可以明显改善干燥中存在的干燥速度不一致、干燥不均匀问题;与第1组试验方案相比缩短干燥时间约2 h,制品的质量也明显提高。     

贵州省流水养殖虹鳟肌肉营养成分的研究

本实验对贵阳市乌当区景顺农业发展有限公司冷水鱼养殖基地流水养殖的虹鳟含肉率及其肌肉营养成分进行了测定,并与常见的一些养殖鱼类进行比较分析.虹鳟的含肉率达68.69％,鱼肌肉中水分含量为78.91％,粗蛋白质含量为17.47％,粗脂肪含量为2.76％,灰分含量为1.98％.     

真鲷窒息点与耗氧率的初步测定

真鲷(Pagrosomus major T and S)是广东及其他各省市沿海海水网箱养殖的主要鱼类之一。随着真鲷人工繁殖和苗种培育的成功,真鲷养殖业将会有一个更大的发展。夫于鱼类的窒息点与耗氧率的研究早有不少,但是对真鲷除个别学者提及其窒息点外,真正对其窒息点与耗氧率的系统研究尚未见到。为了绘其鲷的人工繁殖、苗种培育、运输和成鱼养殖提供呼吸生理方面的理论依据,笔者于1990年春对真鲷的窒息点和耗氧率进行了初步测定,就不同规格大小的苗种及备种外界条件与窒息点和耗氧率之间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

温度对四角蛤蜊耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了研究温度对四角蛤蜊耗氧率和排氨率的影响,设置了5个温度梯度(12、17、22、27和32℃)进行试验。结果表明:12℃到27℃的温度范围内,四角蛤蜊的耗氧率随温度升高而升高,在27℃时达到最大值。在试验设定的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,排氨率不断升高。耗氧率和排氨率与水温的关系分别符合三次线性关系。     

配合饲料中必需氨基酸在鼓泽鲫体内沉积率的初步研究

采用正交设计Ｌ９（３＾４）的方法，配制了９种不同配方，粗蛋白质含量为３０％的配合饲料，对彭泽鲫进行生长试验，生长试验结束后，测定分析了鱼体肌肉中必需氨基酸组成和含量工计算出各种必需氨基酸的沉积率。结果表明：膨泽鲫骨肉中赖氨酸的沉积率最高，对配合饲料中总需氨积的影响大。     

温度、盐度和体质量对钝缀锦蛤滤食率和同化率的影响

为探明钝缀锦蛤的摄食生理,以北海近海人工中间培育和养殖的钝缀锦蛤为试验材料,室内条件下采用试验生态法研究温度、盐度和体质量对钝缀锦蛤滤食率与同化率的影响。试验结果表明,在温度17～33℃条件下,滤食率随温度的升高,呈先升后降的趋势,滤食率(y)与水温(x)之间的回归方程为y=-4.338×10^-3 x^3+0.311x2-6.915x+49(r2=0.999),同化率随着温度的升高而增大,温度对同化率的影响显著(P<0.01);在盐度18～33条件下,滤食率随盐度的升高呈先增后降的趋势,盐度27～30时保持较高的滤食率,滤食率(y)与盐度(x)之间的回归方程为y=-0.027x^2+1.638x-19.52(r^2=0.994),同化率随盐度的升高而增大,盐度为30时同化率最高,盐度对同化率的影响显著(P<0.01);滤食率随体质量增加而降低,体质量对同化率影响不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,钝缀锦蛤属典型热带和亚热带种群品种,适宜生活在温度和盐度较稳定的潮下带区域,非广温广盐性贝类。     

新型高效过滤器的研究

对过滤器的结构、过滤机理、过滤材料、过滤速度及过滤精度等项目进行了试验研究。对过滤器的有关性能进行了测试。研制的过滤器结构新颖、体积小、快速快滤，过滤与反冲效果好，过滤速度达到80m／h，过滤精度达到杂质污物去除率90％以上。     

Influence of algal cell size on filtration and ingestion rates during different larval stages of the yellow neck clam,Paphia malabarica Chemnitz

Filtration rate and ingestion rate of different stages of Paphia malabarica larvae (D‐shape, (80 μm), Umbo (120 μm) and veliger (180 μm)) were determined in relation to feeding on various micro algae. The micro algae tested were Nannochloropsis salina, Isochrysis aff. galbana, Dicrateria inornata, Tetraselmis gracilis and Chaetoceros calcitrans at 5 or 10 × 10³ cells mL^?1. Both filtration and ingestion rate of micro algae tested were increased with increasing larval size; however, at all larval stages, C. calcitrans resulted in lower filtration and ingestion rate. Of the algal diets tested, P. malabarica larvae showed greatest filtration rate and ingestion rate with N. salina. Maximum filtration rate for N. salina was 15.7, 26.3 and 33.9 μL h^?1 and highest ingest rate was 15, 92 and 177 cells larva^?1 h^?1 in D shape larvae, umbo and pediveliger, respectively. Filtration rate and ingestion rate of N. salina were always higher than those other algal species tested because of its small cell size (2 μm).     

Growth, filtration and ingestion rate of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis fed with large (Asteromonas gracilis) and small (Chlorella sp.) celled algal species

The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was fed in experimental conditions with a small celled (2–5 μm) Chlorella sp. and a large celled (16–22 μm) Asteromonas gracilis algae. The specific growth rate (SGR) of rotifers fed Asteromonas (maximum 0.79) was statistically higher than that for rotifers fed Chlorella (maximium 0.61). The filtration and ingestion rates using different rotifer and algal densities exhibited certain maxima depending on the species, the cell density and the condition of the rotifers. The filtration rate was higher with Asteromonas and, although ingestion rate was lower than with Chlorella, the ingestion in terms of cell volume was 10‐fold higher. It seems that B. plicatilis ingests the larger cell diameter algal species more efficiently than the smaller species that is usually used for its mass culture.     

文蛤红色选育系幼贝滤水率响应面法分析

为比较文蛤红壳色选育系与江苏野生群体在不同条件下滤水率的差异并找出文蛤最佳滤水率条件,采用了试验生态学方法和响应面法对文蛤红壳色选育系幼贝进行滤水率的研究。试验结果显示,在一定范围内,文蛤幼贝滤水率随盐度、温度和藻类密度的增加而增大,超过一定范围,幼贝滤水率随盐度、温度和藻类密度的增加而减小;在同等条件下,文蛤红壳色选育系幼贝与野生群体滤水率无显著差异,但文蛤红壳色选育系生长速率显著高于野生群体;通过响应面法优化,文蛤红壳色选育系幼贝的最佳滤水率条件为:盐度21.82、温度27.40℃、藻类密度9.96×10^4个/mL,此条件下滤水率的预测值为1.62 mL/(个·min)。     

大竹蛏幼贝滤水率的响应面法分析

采用三因素三水平中心组合试验设计方案,研究光照度、盐度、pH及三者交互作用对大竹蛏幼贝滤水率的影响,并进行响应面分析,探寻大竹蛏幼贝最适生长条件组合,构造大竹蛏幼贝滤水率模型。试验期为30d,试验光照梯度为2000lx、1000lx、0,盐度梯度为30、25、20,pH梯度为9.00、8.00、7.00。结果显示,光照度、盐度及pH三者对大竹蛏幼贝滤水率有显著交互作用(P0.05)。通过Design-Expert 8.0软件对数据进行二次多元回归,拟合得到大竹蛏幼贝滤水率y对编码自变量A(光照度)、B(盐度)和C(pH)的二次多元回归方程:y=1.62+0.084A+0.04B-0.14C-0.38A2-0.65B2-0.68C2(r2=0.9821),软件模拟最适大竹蛏幼贝生长的条件组合为光照度1109.17lx,盐度25.12,pH7.89。     

Filtration of king scallops (Pecten maximus)

Filtration rates of hatchery-reared king scallop (Pecten maximus L.) juveniles, fed a single species alga diet (Pavlova lutheri (Droop) Green), were measured at a range of temperatures (6–21 °C). Weight specific filtration rate (ml min⁻¹ g⁻¹ (live weight)) of juveniles of a selected size range of 17–19 mm shell height (0.26–0.36 g live weight) increased with temperature above 16 °C and decreased below 11 °C, but was not significantly different between these two temperatures. Measurements at 16 °C using juveniles with a wider size range of 10–25 mm shell height (0.05–0.8 g live weight) gave the allometric equation: filtration rate (ml min⁻¹)=12.19×weight (g)^0.887. Filtration rate decreased significantly when the cell concentration was greater than 200 cells μl⁻¹ (4.25 mg (organic weight) l⁻¹). With six other algae food species, filtration rates similar to those with P. lutheri were only achieved with Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano. All other algae species tested were cleared from suspension at significantly lower rates. Experiments with diet mixtures of P. lutheri and these other algae suggested that this was usually a reflection of lowered filtration activity, rather than pre-ingestive rejection of cells. In experimental outdoor nursery rearing systems, the filtration rate was inversely proportional to the concentration of cells in the inflow, in the range 5–210 cells μl⁻¹. It was not affected by flow rate (2–130 l h⁻¹, equivalent to 0.12–28.38 l h⁻¹ g⁻¹ (live weight)) with scallop juveniles stocked from 2 to 62 g l⁻¹. The results are discussed in relation to on-growing scallops at field sites.     

Effect of temperature and phytoplankton concentration of Partitioned Aquaculture System water on freshwater mussel filtration

The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided green algal‐dominated water from a Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) over a range of water temperatures (6.1–32.4 °C) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations (<1–32.2 mg C L^?1) to determine filtration rates as mg POC kg^?1 wet tissue weight h^?1. The lowest filtration rates were observed at lowest temperatures and POC concentrations while the highest rates were at intermediate temperatures and the highest POC levels. The predicted filtration rate (PFR) in response to water temperature and POC concentrations was as follows: ln PFR=1.4352+0.1192 POC+0.1399 T?0.0001 T³. Within the experimental conditions, PFRs at any POC concentration increased with increased water temperature to a peak at 22 °C and then decreased. The maximum PFR occurred at 22 °C and 32 mg C L^?1 and the minimum PFR at 7 °C and 1 mg C L^?1. A model to describe the mussel filtration rate responses to PAS water conditions involves both water temperature and POC concentration.     

不同藻类及浓度对青蛤滤水率的影响

采用实验生态学方法,在24℃水温下,研究了饵料生物种类及浓度对不同规格青蛤滤水率(FR)的影响。结果表明:(1)青蛤的FR随着体质量的增大而增大,符合幂函数回归关系:FR=0.5725WD0.705 3(R2=0.9987),单位质量的滤水率(FR/WD)随着青蛤规格的增大而减小。(2)FR随着饵料浓度的增大而增大,但当异胶藻浓度达到8×105ind/L时,开始迅速下降。(3)FR受不同饵料种类的影响,青蛤对牟氏角毛藻的平均滤水效果最好,达到0.6左右,滤水效果最差的是异胶藻,平均FR只有0.3左右。     

盐度胁迫对泥蚶能量代谢的影响

在水温(26.4±0.79)℃、盐度11、14.5、18、21.5、25和28.5下,将壳长27~28mm泥蚶饲养在流水系统中24h,每一盐度梯度设置3个平行和3个空白对照,以研究盐度对泥蚶摄食、代谢、碳收支及能量代谢的影响。试验结果显示,随着盐度的升高,泥蚶的滤水率、摄食率、吸收率和O∶N均先升后降,而耗氧率与排氨率先降后升,在盐度18~21.5时显著达到极值(P0.05),但盐度对泥蚶的耗氧率、排氨率和O∶N影响不显著(P0.05)。泥蚶代谢所需要的能量主要由脂肪和碳水化合物提供,盐度18~21.5为泥蚶的适宜盐度范围,此时的能量代谢方程分别为:100C=26.12F+30.75R+5.78U+37.35P;100C=25.06F+32.03R+5.15U+37.76P。