规范动物跨省区流动的关键措施探讨

规范动物跨省区流动是控制动物疫病传播的关键措施。通过采取无规定动物疫病区管理措施,防疫条件分级管理,建立指定通道,加强动物资质管理等措施,可以有效规范动物跨省流动,保障养殖安全和动物产品安全。     

关于以省为单位实施动物疫病区域化管理及对跨省动物采取无疫区检疫措施的探讨

本文重点探讨对跨省移动动物实施调运前许可,通过指定通道输入的合法性和可行性。研究的基本依据是《动物防疫法》中有关动物疫病区域化管理和无规定动物疫病区的规定,提出的基本做法是以省为单位实施动物疫病区域化管理,对跨省移动的动物采取无疫区的管理措施,即调运前许可,通过指定通道进入各省,调入后实施隔离检疫等措施。     

海南省冷鲜肉代替活动物跨省调运防疫策略的应用与思考

活体肉用动物跨省调运是疫病传播的主要因素,给我国动物疫病防控及无规定动物疫病区建设造成严重的威胁。文章通过介绍海南省实施冷鲜肉代替活体肉用动物跨省调运防疫策略的应用,提出应用该防疫策略的思考,建议实施该防疫策略建设无规定动物疫病区。     

浅谈甘州区跨省调运动物落地监管现状及分析

近年来,随着甘州区畜牧业经济持续快速发展,动物饲养量不断增加,跨省调运动物和流通也越来越频繁,导致通过调运动物传播重大动物疫病的风险增大。对此,进一步加强跨省动物落地监管,是预防动物疫病通过调运途径传至甘州区的重要措施,也对保障全区畜牧业经济健康持续发展及人民群众身体健康至关重要。作者结合工作实际,就甘州区跨省调运动物落地监管工作开展情况及存在的问题进行了分析。     

商情新闻

●《山东省无规定动物疫病区管理办法》出台 无规定动物疫病区建设是控制、扑灭重点动物疫病,保护畜牧业发展和人体健康的治本措施,从1998年开始,山东省先后有9个市、35个县市区成为无规定动物疫病区示范区。该办法对无规定动物疫病区的规划建设、动物防疫管理和法律责任等作了明确规定。     

海南省加强调运省外肉用动物监督执法工作实践

本文总结了海南省加强调运省外肉用动物监督执法工作的实践,介绍了实施以冷鲜肉代替活体肉用动物跨省调运疫策略、加强队伍建设、严格依法行政、突出联防联控4个方面的做法和成效。针对动物疫病区域化管理主体责任落实不位、法律法规震慑力不够、调运省外动物落地不报告不隔离3个存在困难,提出了相应的建议,以期进一步维护海南省无定动物疫病区安全。     

无规定动物疫病区最大隐患——“外引种用、乳用易感动物”的监管现状和逆向思考

《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》第二十四条规定,无规定动物疫病区是指具有天然屏障或者采取人工措施,在一定期限内没有发生规定的一种或者几种动物疫病,并经验收合格的区域.据此理论可推知,无规定动物疫病区建成之后,区域内即不存在该种规定的动物疫病,或在相当长一段时间内不会发生该种动物疫病.因此破坏无疫状态的风险基本来自无规定动物疫病区以外,即易感动物从风险高的区域(非无规定动物疫病区)向风险低的无规定动物疫病区流动,导致疫病引入无疫区.其中外引种用、乳用易感动物带来的风险相对外引用于屠宰易感动物和用于继续饲养易感动物带来的风险要大的多.     

甘谷县跨省调入动物落地监管工作存在的问题及对策

跨省调入动物落地监管作为防控动物疫病的关键环节,对有效遏止动物疫病传播、保障畜产品质量安全和公共卫生安全具有重要意义,本文就我县跨省调入动物落地监管中存在的问题和对策进行分析和探讨。     

动物疫病区域化管理与无规定动物疫病区建设

一、什么是动物疫病区域化管理 动物疫病区域化管理是指在国家内部部分定义清楚的区域。该区域可以是：省（市、自治区）的部分或全部区域;跨省的连片区域;大型企业集团通过建立统一的生物安全管理体系而建立的生物安全隔离区域。该区域包含特定动物疫病状况清楚的动物亚群体。     

动物疫病区域化管理与无规定动物疫病区建设

一、什么是动物疫病区域化管理 动物疫病区域化管理是指在国家内部部分定义清楚的区域。该区域可以是：省（市、自治区）的部分或全部区域;跨省的连片区域;大型企业集团通过建立统一的生物安全管理体系而建立的生物安全隔离区域。该区域包含特定动物疫病状况清楚的动物亚群体。     

进境动物及动物产品传带SAT型口蹄疫的风险评估

SAT型口蹄疫(foot and mouth disease,FMD)已从传统流行区域非洲大陆传播至西亚、中东地区,对我国畜牧业发展构成了潜在威胁。为评估SAT型FMD跨境传入风险,采用定性评估方法,对进境动物及动物产品传带SAT型FMD的风险进行了综合评估。结果表明,从疫区进口相关动物及动物产品传入SAT型FMD的风险高,因此需采取严格的风险管理措施,将FMD传入风险降低至我国可接受的水平。     

Monte Carlo simulation of classical swine fever epidemics and control. I. General concepts and description of the model

A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to describe the spread of classical swine fever virus between farms within a certain region. The data of the farms can be imported and considered individually. Transmission occurs via the infection routes direct animal and indirect person and vehicle contact, as well as by contaminated sperm and local spread. Parameters, such as incubation period and probability of detection, can be varied by the user and their impact on disease spread can be studied. The control measures stamping-out, movement control and pre-emptive slaughter in circular restriction areas as well as contact tracing can be applied and their effect on disease spread can thus be analysed. The numbers of culled and restricted farms and animals per epidemic and per day within an epidemic, the epidemic duration and the total length of restrictions per restricted farm are given. In an example, simulation runs were performed under the condition of application of all four-control measures. Because no real farm data were available, a test area was generated stochastically with a farm density of 1.3 farms/km(2). The distributions of the number of infected farms per epidemic and the epidemic length are shown.     

紫貂的饲养管理

紫貂是一种极其珍贵的毛皮动物 ,其饲养管理可分为成年紫貂的饲养管理和仔兽育成期的饲养管理 ,成年紫貂的饲养管理又分为繁殖期的饲养管理和非繁殖期的饲养管理。紫貂繁殖期的饲养管理的重点为 :1做好发情鉴定和及时配种工作 ;2对处于妊娠期、产仔和哺乳期母兽应提供全价饲料 ;3及时断乳 ;4做好卫生防疫工作。非繁殖期的饲养管理的重点为做好防寒保温和提高毛皮质量工作。仔兽育成期的饲养管理的重点为提供充足的全价饲料和做好卫生防疫工作。     

Impact of human interventions on the spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe

Bluetongue virus (BTV) can be spread by movement or migration of infected ruminants. Infected midges (Culicoides sp.) can be dispersed with livestock or on the wind. Transmissions of infection from host to host by semen and trans-placental infection of the embryo from the dam have been found. As for any infectious animal disease, the spread of BTV can be heavily influenced by human interventions preventing or facilitating the transmission pathways. This paper describes the results of investigations that were conducted on the potential role of the above-mentioned human interventions on the spread of BTV-8 during the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe. Data on surveillance and control measures implemented in the affected European Union (EU) Member States (MS) were extracted from the legislation and procedures adopted by the national authorities in Belgium, France, Germany, and The Netherlands. The impact of the control measures on the BTV-incidence in time and space was explored. Data on ruminant transports leaving the area of first infection (AFI) to other areas within and beyond the affected MS were obtained from the national identification and registration systems of the three initially affected MS (Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands) and from the Trade Control and Expert System (TRACES) of the European Commission. The association between the cumulative number of cases that occurred in a municipality outside the AFI and the number of movements or the number of animals moved from the AFI to that municipality was assessed using a linear negative binomial regression model. The results of this study indicated that the control measures which were implemented in the affected MS (in accordance with EU directives) were not able to fully stop further spread of BTV and to control the epidemic. This finding is not surprising because BT is a vector-borne disease and it is difficult to limit vector movements. We could not assess the consequences of not taking control measures at all but it is possible, if not most likely, that this would have resulted in even wider spread. The study also showed an indication of the possible involvement of animal movements in the spread of BTV during the epidemic. Therefore, the prevention of animal movements remains an important tool to control BTV outbreaks. The extension of the epidemic to the east cannot be explained by the movement of animals, which mainly occurred in a north-western direction. This indicates that it is important to consider other influential factors such as dispersal of infected vectors depending on wind direction, or local spread.     

市级动物疫病防控信息化管理系统功能设计

我国动物疫病流行日趋复杂,而传统防控工作方式效率亟待提高。信息化能有效提高动物疫病防控管理工作效率,有利于对动物疫情的快速预警、反应、控制和溯源。本文介绍市级动物疫病防控信息化管理系统的功能设计,重点分析基础信息数据库、物资管理系统、动物疫病监测、疫情预警、疫情调查处置等功能模块,形成市级动物疫病防控大数据和网络化管理平台,实现动物防疫场点、人员、疫苗、物资和工作抽查等网络化管理,为动物疫病防控行政决策提供技术支持,切实提高基层防疫工作效率。     

The complex relationship between welfare and reproduction in cattle

Using reproduction parameters as indicators for cattle welfare has limitations and, at best, these parameters should only be viewed as indirect indicators of welfare. On a farm level, measures such as fertility rates emphasize biological performance of the herd but fail to consider the welfare of individual animals. Even on an individual level, the relationship between reproductive effectiveness and animal welfare is complex. Good reproductive performance does not automatically signify good welfare, as domestication and targeted breeding programmes have led to prioritization of high productive and reproductive performance in most modern farm animal species. In this review, we synthesize literature regarding cattle husbandry, reproduction, welfare and their multidimensional relationships. We argue that practices such as artificial insemination or the use of sexed semen may provide potential welfare advantages as these practices reduce the risk of disease transmission and injury or enable selection of specific beneficial traits. Furthermore, they may offer a solution to current practices jeopardizing welfare, such as the management of surplus bull calves in the dairy industry. Conversely, the animals’ ability to perform natural behaviours such as oestrous expression, an aspect arguably contributing to welfare, is often limited on commercial farms; this limitation is particularly evident in housing systems such as tie stalls where movement is restricted. Moreover, common management practices such as oestrus manipulation may lead to negative attitudes in citizens who often regard naturalness as important element of animal welfare.     

肃南牧区羊种畜场布鲁氏菌病综合防控净化技术工作讨论

布鲁氏杆菌病是牧区主要人畜共患病之一,受市场等因素影响,牧区与农区的动物及其产品交流频繁,动物疫病发生、流行、传播风险加大。为进一步加强牧区布鲁氏杆菌病防控工作,以肃南县皇城绵羊育种场和赛美奴高山细毛羊种畜繁育公司为示范点,通过集中集成布鲁氏菌病检测净化方法、规范饲养管理行为、严格控制跨区域移动、强制扑杀阳性羊等综合防控措施,探索出适合我县畜间布鲁氏菌病科学的防控策略与成功经验,为我县户、村、乡(镇)实施畜间布鲁氏菌病净化无疫,提供可借鉴可复制的集成示范经验。     

Contingency planning: preparation of contingency plans

Outbreaks of infectious animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, Newcastle disease and avian influenza may have a devastating impact, not only on the livestock sector and the rural community in the directly affected areas, but also beyond agriculture and nation wide. The risk of introducing disease pathogens into a country and the spread of the agent within a country depends on a number of factors including import controls, movement of animals and animal products and the biosecurity applied by livestock producers. An adequate contingency plan is an important instrument in the preparation for and the handling of an epidemic. The legislation of the European Union requires that all Member States draw up a contingency plan which specifies the national measures required to maintain a high level of awareness and preparedness and is to be implemented in the event of disease outbreak. This paper describes the main elements to be included in the contingency plans submitted by Member States to the European Commission for approval.     

The 2010 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred recently for the first time in a decade in Japan. The index case was detected on a beef-breeding farm in Miyazaki Prefecture, Southern Japan, on April 20, 2010. After confirmation of this first case, control measures such as stamping out, movement restriction and disinfection were implemented. However, these strategies proved insufficient to prevent the spread of FMD and emergency vaccination was adopted. Up until the last outbreak on July 4, 2010, a total of 292 outbreaks had been confirmed, with about 290,000 animals having been culled. The epidemic occurred in an area with a high density of cattle and pigs, making disease control difficult. Invasion of the disease into a high-density area aided its rapid spread and led to difficulties in locating suitable burial sites. Epidemiological investigations indicated that the disease was introduced into Japan approximately one month before detection. This delay in initial detection is considered to have allowed an increased number of outbreaks in the early stage of the epidemic. Nevertheless, the epidemic was contained within a localized area in Miyazaki Prefecture and was eradicated within three months because of intensive control efforts including emergency vaccination. Although this epidemic devastated the livestock industry in Japan, many lessons can be learnt for the future prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals.