果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群数量、发酵粪中氨气和硫化氢散发量及营养素利用率的影响

选用360只1日龄AA肉公鸡，随机分成5个处理组，每个处理设6个重复，每个重复12只鸡。试验饲粮分别为：基础饲粮（对照组），基础饲粮＋0．3％果寡糖，基础饲粮＋0．1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础饲粮＋0．3％果寡糖＋0．1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础饲粮＋150mg／kg金霉素（有效成分为15％）。结果表明：果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌具有选择性地增加肉鸡盲肠中的乳酸杆菌等有益菌群的数量，减少大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有害菌的数量，二者的复合添加可以更好地调节肉鸡肠道微生态环境；与对照组相比，肉鸡饲粮中果寡糖的添加使发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量分别降低38．38％（P〈0．05）和24．35％（P〈0．05），果寡糖＋枯草芽孢杆菌的添加使发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量分别降低62．14％（P〈0．05）和28．49％（P〈0．05），枯草芽孢杆菌或金霉素的添加对发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量均无显著影响（P〉0．05）；果寡糖、枯草芽孢杆菌和果寡糖＋枯草芽孢杆菌的添加，使肉鸡对粗灰分的利用率分别提高了18．94％（P〈0．05）、17．36％（P〈0．05）和23．66％（P〈0．05），钙的利用率分别提高了20．78％（P〈0．05）、14．63％（P〈0．05）和21．31％（P〈0．05），磷的利用率分别提高了6．60％（P〉0．05）、12．32％（P〈0．05）和14．67%（P〈0．05），但不影响粗蛋白利用率（P〉0．05）。     

日粮添加益生菌对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和肠道菌群的影响

为了研究益生菌在肉鸡中的应用效果,探讨其对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和肠道菌群的影响,试验选取健康、体重接近的1日龄雄性AA肉鸡480羽,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡,分别饲喂基础日粮(A组)、基础日粮中添加0.5%的乳酸菌(B组)、0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌(C组)和0.5%混合菌(D组),混合菌是以乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌按照1:1比例配制而成,整个试验为期42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和复合菌均能显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重和日采食量(P 0.05),且各益生菌处理组还显著提高肉仔鸡胸腺指数、脾脏指数和法氏囊指数(P 0.05),提高肉鸡血清中IgG的水平(P 0.05),并显著降低肠道中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量(P 0.05),提高乳酸菌的数量(P 0.05),且复合菌的使用效果在各方面都要显著优于单一的乳酸菌或枯草芽孢杆菌。综上所述,日粮中添加乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和复合菌可以显著提高肉鸡的生产性能,并促进机体免疫器官的发育,提高免疫抗病能力,改善肠道微生物区系,促进有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌生长,与单菌种相比,复合菌的使用效果更佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡的影响

文章综述了枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群、肠黏膜结构、肠道酶活性、生产性能、对养分的吸收利用率以及对鸡舍有害气体含量的等的影响,以期为枯草芽孢杆菌饲料添加剂在肉鸡生产中的合理应用提供参考.     

复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

本文旨在研究益生菌凝结芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌组合运用对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道菌群的影响。选取54头25 日龄健康的断奶仔猪分成2个处理组,每个处理组27头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加复合益生菌（凝结芽孢杆菌800 g/t垣枯草芽孢杆菌400 g/t）。通过体外牛津杯试验评估凝结芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌组合对断奶仔猪肠道致病大肠杆菌K88的抑菌性能,确定凝结芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌在饲粮中最佳的添加比例。试验第8d,仔猪盲肠食糜 取样,测定盲肠肠道菌群。试验结果显示,饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌能够显著（P＜0.05）降低断奶仔猪料肉比和腹泻率;同时,显著增加（P＜0.05）断奶仔猪盲肠中乳酸杆菌的数量,显著降低（P＜0.05）断奶仔猪盲肠中大肠杆 菌的数量。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌能够抑制肠道中有害菌大肠杆菌的数量,增加肠道菌群有益菌乳酸杆菌数量,改善断奶仔猪生长性能。     

果寡糖和芽孢杆菌对肉仔鸡肠组织形态的影响

本试验通过在饲粮中添加果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌，考察其对内仔鸡小肠不同肠段组织形态的影响。选用360只1日龄AA肉公鸡，随机分成5个处理组，每个处理设6个重复，每个重复12只鸡。试验饲粮分别为：基础饲粮（对照组），基础饲粮＋0．3％果寡糖，基础日粮＋0．1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础日粮＋0.3％果寡糖＋0.1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础日粮＋150mg／kg金霉素（有效成分为15％）。结果表明：肉仔鸡饲粮中果寡糖或枯草芽孢杆菌的添加，可在一定程度上提高小肠绒毛高度及降低小肠隐窝深度，取得与添加金霉素相似的效果，而且这种作用随肠段后移而更加明显；果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌的复合添加，可使小肠绒毛高度的提高幅度及小肠隐窝深度的降低幅度达到更大，甚至优于全霉素添加组；果寡糖、枯草芽孢杆菌、果寡糖＋枯草芽孢杆菌及金霉素的添加，对小肠各段的肠壁厚度不产生明显影响．     

甘露寡糖对枯草芽孢杆菌在肉鸡肠道内的排出及肠道菌群的影响

研究旨在考察甘露寡糖(MOS)对枯草芽孢杆菌在AA肉鸡肠道内的排出及其对肠道微生物菌群的影响。试验选取180羽1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为3组,每组6个重复。对照组灌喂无菌水,处理组灌喂芽孢液或含0.2%MOS的芽孢液各1.0 mL;每12 h采集粪样测定芽孢数,并在芽孢排完后采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)测定粪甘露寡糖样中的微生物群落结构;涂布平板法测定肉鸡盲肠内大肠杆菌、总好氧菌和乳酸杆菌的数量。结果表明:与灌喂芽孢组相比,添加MOS 72 h后,能显著提高肉鸡盲肠内乳酸杆菌(P<0.05),降低总需氧菌和大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05),但对排出的总芽孢数无影响。PCR-DGGE的分析表明,MOS对细菌群落的多样性无影响(P>0.05)。提示添加0.2%MOS不影响芽孢杆菌在肉鸡上发挥作用,并能提高其益生效果。     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌SE1对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究芽孢表面展示鸡白痢沙门氏菌Omp C重组枯草芽孢杆菌SE1对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和菌群的影响。选择7日龄肉鸡120只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。A组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,B组和C组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.1%(1.0×106CFU/g)枯草芽孢杆菌168制剂和0.1%(1.0×10~6CFU/g)重组枯草芽孢杆菌SE1制剂,试验期35 d。结果显示:1)与A组相比,C组肉鸡的终末体重和平均增重分别增加6.14%和6.76%(P0.05),料重比降低8.21%(P0.05)。2)28、42日龄时,B组和C组肉鸡的空肠脂肪酶和回肠蛋白酶活性显著高于A组(P0.05);B组和C组肉鸡的肠道消化酶活性无显著差异(P0.05)。3)28、42日龄时,B组和C组肉鸡的回肠、盲肠大肠杆菌数量显著低于A组(P0.05),盲肠乳杆菌数量显著高于A组(P0.05)。16S rRNA V3区聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)结果显示,B组和C组肉鸡的盲肠菌群丰富度、均匀度和香农-维纳指数均显著高于A组(P0.05);C组肉鸡盲肠菌群的相似性在28、42日龄时分别比A组高26.8%和15.6%,C组和B组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,重组枯草芽孢杆菌SE1具有与枯草芽孢杆菌168相同的效果,能有效促进肉鸡生长,提高肠道脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性,调节肉鸡肠道菌群,提高肠道菌群稳定性和多样性。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肠道pH及微生态菌群的影响

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肠道p H及微生态菌群的影响。400羽1日龄罗斯308肉鸡随机分为4组。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌。结果表明:试验前期、后期及试验全期,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组均能显著提高肉鸡均质量、平均日增质量和降低肉鸡的料重比(P0.05),显著降低肉鸡肠道p H(P0.05),显著提高肉鸡肠道中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量(P0.05),显著降低肉鸡肠道大肠杆菌和沙门菌的数量(P0.05)。     

肉仔鸡饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)效果的研究

研究了两种不同枯草芽孢杆菌对660只艾维茵肉仔鸡的生产性能和对仔鸡肠道微生物菌群的影响。试验将仔鸡随机分为4组:不饲喂药物添加剂的对照组、添加乳酸—粪链球菌的正对照组及添加不同枯草芽孢杆菌的两个试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ。 结果表明,添加枯草芽孢杆菌可使三周龄仔鸡体重略高于对照组,但差异不显著。添加枯草芽孢杆菌A16的试验组Ⅱ的饲料转化效率比对照组显著提高(P<0.05);试验组Ⅰ与对照组相比,可显著地增加肠道中有益菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量(P<0.05),减少有害菌(沙门氏菌)的数量(P<0.01),但对大肠杆菌数量的影响不显著。     

利用ERIC-PCR和PCR-DGGE技术分析喂服枯草芽孢杆菌肉鸡肠道菌群的多样性

本文旨在采用ERIC-PCR和PCR-DGGE方法研究肉鸡喂服枯草芽孢杆菌后肠道菌群的多样性.选用15羽28日龄肉鸡,按2mL/kg BW喂服枯草芽孢杆菌悬液(10°CFU/mL).每天2次,连续3d,34日龄时,利用ERIC-PCR和PCR-DGGE方法分析肠道菌群的多样性,并对DGGE条带进行回收、测序.结果表明,肉鸡口服枯草芽孢杆菌后各肠段的条带数显著多于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),2种方法检测结果相似,2组之间肠道总菌群相似性为53.2%;电泳指纹图谱和统计条带数量分析,PCR-DGGE明显优于ERIC-PCR;回收条带以乳杆菌属细菌为主.结果提示,34日龄肉鸡肠道菌群具有一定的稳定性,以乳杆菌为主要菌群,饲喂芽孢杆菌后能提高肉鸡肠道菌群的丰度和种群密度;PCR-DGGE检测方法明显优于ERIC-PCR.     

微生态制剂肽菌素在肉鸡生产中的应用研究

将微生态制剂肽菌素添加到肉鸡的日粮中,通过测定肉鸡的生长性能、消化道生理和肠道菌群等指标,探讨肽菌素在肉鸡生产上的应用效果。结果表明:①金霉素和肽菌素均能显著提高肉鸡21日龄体重,1～21日龄平均日增重以及料肉比(P<0.05)。从料肉比来看,添加肽菌素和金霉素均有降低1～21日龄肉鸡料肉比的趋势,且肽菌素各组料肉比均低于金霉素组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。②肽菌素能显著降低21日龄肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和整个小肠的相对长度,显著增加回肠相对长度(P<0.05)。金霉素对十二指肠、空肠和整个小肠的长度无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著增加回肠相对长度(P<0.05)。42日龄时,肽菌素仅显著增加空肠的相对长度,对其他肠段无显著影响(P>0.05)。而金霉素则对42日龄肉鸡的十二指肠、空肠、回肠和整个小肠的长度无显著影响(P>0.05)。③肽菌素和金霉素对21日龄及42日龄肉鸡的十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度以及绒隐比值均无显著影响(P>0.05),但有提高的趋势。④肽菌素有提高21日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸杆菌数量和降低大肠杆菌数量的趋势,各组间差异不显著;金霉素显著降低了乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌的数量(P<0.05)。综上所述,肽菌素能提高肉鸡的生产性能、改善肠道形态、增加肠道中乳酸杆菌的数量和降低大肠杆菌的数量,且前期效果大于后期。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对地面平养和笼养肉仔鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

选择240只1日龄新生罗斯308(ROSS 308)肉鸡分成4个处理组,用于研究枯草芽孢杆菌饲料添加剂对地面平养和笼养肉仔鸡的生长性能、养分利用率及血液生化指标等的影响。处理组1和处理组2肉仔鸡日粮添加抗生素金霉素,处理组3和处理组4肉仔鸡日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌饲料添加剂;同时,处理组1和处理组3肉仔鸡地面平养,处理组2和处理组4肉仔鸡采用笼养,试验周期21 d。试验结果显示:平均日增重、料重比、粗蛋白和代谢能的表观利用率等指标,处理组4显著优于(P<0.05)处理组1,处理组2和处理组3之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肉仔鸡血清白蛋白浓度指标,处理组4和处理组2之间无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著大于(P<0.05)处理组1。本试验证明,无论是传统的肉鸡地面平养方式还是现代的规模化肉鸡笼养方式,添加微生态制剂枯草芽孢杆菌,可有效替代饲用抗生素,改善肉仔鸡生长性能,其作用机理主要是提高饲料蛋白质的消化利用率。     

果寡糖对肉鸡生产性能、肠道菌群、消化酶活性及屠宰性能的影响

选择1日龄岭南黄高产快大型商品肉雏鸡2000只,随机分成5个处理组,每组设4个重复,每个重复100只(公母各半).各处理组肉鸡日粮分别添加0(对照)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%果寡糖.结果显示,肉鸡日粮中添加0.6%水平的果寡糖可显著降低肉鸡的料重比(P＜0.05),提高肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶的活性(P＜0.05).盲肠内容物微生物检测结果提示,日粮中添加适量果寡糖可显著改善肉鸡肠道微生态环境(P＜0.05).果寡糖对肉鸡的屠宰性能没有显著影响.     

异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡生产性能及肠道生理生化指标的影响

试验选用 90 0只雌雄各半 1日龄艾维茵肉鸡分 6组 ,每组 3重复 ,分别在饲料中添加异麦芽寡糖 (IOS) 0 %、0 .1%、0 .2 %和 0 .4 %、金霉素 15 0mg kg及金霉素 15 0mg kg+0 .4 %IOS ,研究了ISO对肉鸡的生产性能及肠道生理和生化指标的影响。IOS和金霉素处理均促进 0～ 3周肉鸡的采食 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且IOS促进肉鸡采食的作用随添加量的提高而增强。IOS和金霉素处理降低 3周龄肉鸡回肠内容物中挥发性盐基氮含量 (P <0 .0 5 )和盲肠内容物中丙酸含量 (P <0 .0 1)。IOS处理增加 3周龄肉鸡空肠绒毛长度 (P <0 .0 1)。与添加 15 0mg kg金霉素组比较 ,IOS处理提高 3周龄肉鸡盲肠中丁酸含量 (P <0 .0 5 )和空肠绒毛长度 (P <0 .0 1) ,对其它各指标无影响。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance,caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, small intestine weight, pH and caecal coliform counts of broilers. The influences of synbiotics and phytobiotics on oxidant/antioxidant status in the blood of broilers were also assessed. A total of 200 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, either fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 1 g/kg synbiotic, 1 g/kg phytobiotic or 1 g/kg synbiotic plus 1 g/kg phytobiotic. The diet supplemented with both synbiotic and phytobiotic had no effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency of broilers at the end of the study (p > 0.05). Neither small intestine weight nor pH was affected by any of the treatments. Supplementation of both synbiotic and phytobiotic to diet decreased the caecal coliform count (p < 0.01). Addition of synbiotics and phytobiotics in combination significantly increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p ≤ 0.05), whereasphytobiotic addition alone showed only a slight increase. Similarly, elevated nitric oxide (NO) level was recorded in the synbiotic‐ and phytobiotic‐fed group and in the phytobiotic‐fed group (p ≤ 0.001). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of synbiotic and phytobiotic improved the gut health by decreasing the caecal total coliform count, but growth performance was not affected by the supplementations. Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of phytobiotics on oxidative/antioxidative metabolism as regards their compositional analysis.     

Effects of three major protein sources on performance,gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study determined the effects of three protein sources (PS), each at two digestibility crude protein (DCP) levels, on performance, gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in the hindgut of broilers.

2. It was hypothesised that broilers fed ingredients high in indigestible CP, i.e. rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), could potentially cause reduced growth, impaired gut health, and more protein fermentation products in caecal digesta. Increasing the DCP level in each of the indigestible CP diets may compensate for these detrimental effects.

3. In total, 288 one-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with six replicate pens per treatment. Three PS: soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), and two DCP levels: 15.8 and 17.2% were used.

4. Broilers fed SBM had increased feed intake and BWG and improved FCR compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed high DCP had better performance compared with those on low DCP. No significant effects of PS or DCP level were found on gastrointestinal tract development, caecal ammonia or volatile fatty acid concentrations.

5. Broilers fed SBM had longer villi, smaller crypts and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed RSM diet had a lower caecal pH, and had 16.5% and 14.9% more branched chain fatty acid contents in caecal digesta compared with those fed SBM and MG diets, respectively, indicating more proteolytic fermentation.

6. Replacing SBM by RSM and MG negatively affected growth performance and gut morphology. Hindgut protein fermentation was substantially increased in RSM fed birds.

7. To a certain extent, retarded growth performance in RSM and MG fed birds could be counterbalanced by increasing the dietary level of digestible CP.     

The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides or whole wheat on the performance and digestive tract of broiler chickens

1. The objective of this experiment was to study two feeding methods, which could potentially act on the gut microflora, the structure and/or the function of the digestive tract and thereby improve the performance of broilers. 2. Four dietary treatments were studied: a negative control (wheat based) with no additives (C), a positive control with 0.01 g/kg avilamycin (AV), a treatment with 0.6 g/kg fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and a treatment with the same composition as treatment C but in which a part or all (400 g/kg) of the wheat was given as whole wheat and a concentrate supplement (WW). The measurements were: the performance from 0 to 6 weeks, the bacterial counts at 3 and 6 weeks, the digestive tract morphology and the activity of some intestinal enzymes at 3 weeks. 3. The birds given AV had better daily live weight gain (DLWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to treatment C. The birds given FOS had a lower feed intake and a lower DLWG than the birds on treatment C but their FCR was significantly improved. WW resulted in a numerically lower feed intake and a significantly lower DLWG than treatment C. With AV, the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in the caeca was reduced at 3 weeks. With WW, gizzard and pancreas weights were greater and the surfaces of the ileal crypts were larger. An increased activity of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the duodenum was found for treatments AV, FOS and WW. 4. In conclusion, in this study, treatments WW and FOS reduced DLWG, which may have been due to a lower feed intake during the whole period. With WW, the FCR was not affected, maybe because of both positive and negative effects on digestive tract (higher gizzard and pancreas development and LAP activity; larger crypts). However, FOS improved FCR, which may be partly explained by the higher LAP activity.     

日粮中添加植物提取物对肉仔鸡免疫机能的影响

选用250只健康AA肉雏随机分成5个处理组,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮＋金霉素、基础日粮＋植物提取物（300 g/t）、基础日粮＋植物提取物（500 g/t）和基础日粮＋植物提取物（800 g/t）5种日粮,以研究不同浓度植物提取物对46日龄肉仔鸡脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数、T淋巴细胞百分比、淋巴细胞转化率、白细胞吞噬印度墨汁率等指标的影响。研究结果表明,提取物有提高肉仔鸡日增重、成活率及饲料报酬率的趋势,且不影响肉仔鸡的正常生长。日粮中添加不同浓度植物提取物能够增加免疫器官指数,具有促进巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,淋巴细胞（增殖）转化率显著增高,延长抗体水平持续时间,对肉鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫均有明显促进作用。而在日粮中添加500 g/t的提取物比添加金霉素对仔鸡免疫力有更好的作用。     

丝兰提取物与枯草芽胞杆菌对肉鸡生长性能及血液指标的影响

将240只1日龄罗斯(ROSS 308)肉鸡分为4个组:处理组1(对照组)饲用基础日粮+金霉素,处理组2饲用基础日粮+枯草芽胞杆菌,处理组3饲用基础日粮+丝兰提取物,处理组4饲用基础日粮+丝兰提取物和枯草芽胞杆菌,以研究丝兰提取物和枯草芽胞杆菌对肉鸡生长性能的影响,试验期42 d。结果:平均日增重和料重比指标,处理组4肉鸡显著优于处理组1(P<0.05),而处理组2和3之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。肉鸡21日龄时,处理组4肉鸡血清白蛋白浓度显著大于处理组1;处理组4血清尿酸浓度显著小于处理组1。42日龄时,处理组2和4肉鸡的血清白蛋白浓度显著大于处理组1。本试验证明丝兰提取物与枯草芽胞杆菌均能提高肉鸡对饲料蛋白的代谢利用率,且具有协同改善肉鸡生长性能的效果。