刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

豆-禾混播草地中紫花苜蓿比例对其固氮效率的影响及潜在生理机制

【目的】 通过研究豆草比例对紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地豆科植物生物固氮的影响及其生理生态机制,深化对混播群落结构和生物固氮功能关系的理解,辅助豆-禾混播草地的科学建植和管理,提高混播草地生物固氮和土壤肥力,提升草地资源生产和生态保障能力。【方法】 2017年5月,利用紫花苜蓿和羊草为试验材料,采取随机区组设计,于中国科学院长岭草地农牧生态研究站内建植不同豆草比例（紫花苜蓿占比为25%、50%、75%、100%）的紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地,4次重复。建植一年后,通过样方取样法调查混播草地群落结构变化,测定紫花苜蓿叶片、枝条和根系生长发育、光合和水分等生理代谢特征,在测定根系结瘤特征基础上,采取¹⁵N同位素自然丰度法评估紫花苜蓿固氮效率,结合土壤水分动态监测,分析豆草比例对紫花苜蓿生物固氮的影响及其生理生态机制。【结果】 （1）混播草地建植一年后,对应25%、50%、75% 和100%设计的豆草混播比例,混播草地实际紫花苜蓿占比分别为11%、27%、53%和100%。（2）对比25%、75%和100%的初始豆草种植比例,50%的初始豆草比例下,生长季平均土壤水分含量分别增加了21.4%、36.4%和51.7%。（3）50%豆草种植比例下,紫花苜蓿植株有更大的枝条和根系生物量、叶片数量、叶片面积、叶片厚度和叶片生物量,上述指标最小值出现在100%的豆草播种比例。（4）50%豆草种植比例下,紫花苜蓿具有最大的光合速率,枝条和根系中淀粉含量最高,但枝条和根系中可溶性糖含量最低。（5）50%的初始豆草混播比例下,紫花苜蓿根瘤发育更完善,其生物固氮率较25%、75%和100%的豆草混播比例分别提高了13.5%、44.6%和79.2%。回归分析表明,随豆草比例变化,紫花苜蓿生物固氮效率与土壤含水量呈正相关。【结论】 紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地中,紫花苜蓿生物固氮能力与豆草比例间存在非直线型变化关系。当初始豆草种植比例为50%时,紫花苜蓿生物固氮率最大。豆草比例驱动土壤水分变化,进而通过调控叶片发育和光合等途径改变了紫花苜蓿植株和根瘤发育,是其影响生物固氮的潜在机制。     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

Variation and heritability of morphological and physiological traits among Leymus chinensis genotypes under different environmental conditions

Intraspecific trait variation and heritability in different environmental conditions not only suggest a potential for an evolutionary response but also have important ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. However, the contribution of quantitative trait variation within a grassland species to evolutionary responses or ecological consequences is seldom documented. Leymus chinensis is an important dominant species in semi-arid grasslands of China, which has seriously suffered from drought and high temperature stresses in recent decades. In the present study, we measured variation and heritability of 10 quantitative traits, namely the number of tillers, maximum shoot height, number of rhizomes, maximum rhizome length, rhizome mass, aboveground mass, root mass, maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pmax), specific leaf area(SLA), and leaf length to leaf width ratio(LL/LW), for 10 genotypes of L. chinensis under one non-stress(Ck) condition and three environmental stress conditions(i.e., drought(Dr), high temperature(Ht), and both drought and high temperature(DrHt)). Result indicated that(1) the interaction of genotype and environmental condition(G×E) was significant for 6 traits but not significant for the other 4 traits as shown by two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), suggesting that different selection forces were placed for different traits on the factors dominating phenotypic responses to different environmental conditions. Moreover, these significant G×E effects on traits indicated significantly different phenotypic adaptive responses among L. chinensis genotypes to different environmental conditions. Additionally, individuals could be grouped according to environmental condition rather than genotype as shown by canonical discriminant analysis, indicating that environmental condition played a more important role in affecting phenotypic variation than genotype;(2) by one-way ANOVA, significant differences among L. chinensis genotypes were found in all 10 traits under Ck and Dr conditions, in 8 traits under Dr Ht condition and only in 4 traits under Ht condition; and(3) all 10 traits showed relatively low or non-measurable broad-sense heritability(H_2) under stress conditions. However, the lowest H_2 value for most traits did not occur under DrHt condition, which supported the hypothesis of 'unfavorable conditions have unpredictable effects' rather than 'unfavorable conditions decrease heritability'. Results from our experiment might aid to improve predictions on the potential impacts of climate changes on L. chinensis and eventually species conservation and ecosystem restoration.     

小麦—天蓝偃麦草—羊草三属杂种回交世代中几个主要性状的遗传表现

采用普通小麦与天蓝偃麦草属间远缘杂种后代八倍体小偃麦（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＥＥ）为母本，与羊草（滨麦草属）杂交，获得三属杂种后，再用普通小麦回交２￣３次，并对三属杂种以及回交世代中几个主要性状的遗传表现进行了研究，结果表明：①三属杂种Ｆ１的不育性，采用普通小麦通过回交可得到克服，并且随着回交次数的增加，结实率逐步提高；②回交后代有明显的超矮亲遗传现象；③天蓝偃麦草与羊草的抗病、大穗、多花多实等性状可直接传     

不同活力种子的萌发与出苗特性

摘要：研究测定了老化处理后几种禾本科牧草种子的萌发、幼苗以及出苗期的相关指标,进一步分析其相关性。结果表明,1）除羊草（Leymus chinensis）种子外,老化处理显著降低其他参试种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,胚根、胚芽以及幼苗长度,出苗率、出苗速率;2）牧草种子的耐老化能力因种而异,休眠可显著提高种子自身的耐老化能力,如羊草;3）除羊草种子外,其他种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,胚根、胚芽以及幼苗长度与出苗率、出苗速率极显著正相关(P<0.01);4) 相比其他萌发指标,发芽率用于种子活力批次的划分在所有物种中表现相对较好。     

赖草根茎分蘖相关基因LRC1的克隆及表达

运用同源基因克隆技术从典型的克隆植物赖草中克隆了其根茎分化相关基因LRC1,通过RACE获得其全长cDNA为1.598kb,开放阅读框(ORF)为1299bp,编码432个氨基酸.同源分析结果显示,赖草LRC1基因属于GRAS转录因子家族,与控制水稻分蘖及烟草侧枝发生的相应蛋白具有很高的同源性,与控制水稻分蘖的MOC1...     

松嫩平原人工羊草草地放牧绒山羊牧食行为

选取6只2.5岁体重相近而且健康的内蒙古白绒山羊(羯羊、母羊各3只),置于1hrm2人工羊草草地围栏内放牧以观察春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧山羊的行为节律、牧食行为,并计算每天干物质采食量.结果表明:抽穗期羊优先采食草穗,春季过后穗的残余率仅有4.4％;采食速度表现为夏季＞秋季＞春、冬季(P＜0.05);采食时间占方面时间的比例表现为春、秋＞冬、夏季.每口采食量的季节变化趋势大体为春、夏、冬＞秋季(P＜0.05);夏季羊的日采食量最高,其次为春、秋,冬季采食量最低(P＜0.05);同一季节内羯羊的日采食量始终高于母羊(P＜0.05);春、夏、秋季放牧山羊均有3个进食高峰,分别发生在出牧后约0.5h、午后约0.5h、归牧前2h左右,上午采食量低于下午(P＜0.05).冬季一般上午、下午各一个采食高峰;本试验未发现放牧绒山羊扒食草根的现象,但在卧倒休息或反刍前有扒草、扒土整理休息地的习性,未发现放牧山羊行为节律和采食速度的性别差异.     

东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌的动态研究

对东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌含量的动态研究结果表明:土壤中全锌含量较低,有效锌含量中等,植物体不缺锌。在生长季各时期,全锌和有效锌含量在土壤剖面分布从上向下呈下降趋势,有效锌含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关而与pH值呈显著负相关。由于淋溶作用土壤深层含量增加。全锌各月平均含量变化在生长季呈“V”型曲线,7月含量最低;有效锌平均含量从5–8月与全锌相似,8月后则逐渐减少。羊草各器官及枯落物全锌和有效锌含量有很大变化,总的趋势是:根>根茎>叶>茎>枯落物;有效锌含量A层与B层的比值比全锌含量A层与B层的比值高2倍多,这说明A层土壤富集有效锌的能力强。羊草根部富集的锌含量平均为土壤有效锌含量的44.17倍。根部的吸收强度与土壤中锌的活性成显著负相关(r=-0.8800,p<0.01)。图5表1参23。     

Dynamics of Zn between soil and plant in Northeast Leymus chinensis grassland

A study was conducted to determine the dynamic of Zn content between soil and plant in the natural protection zone of Leymus chinensis grassland in Changling County (44°30′–44°45′N; 123°31′–124°10′E), Jilin Province, China. Results showed that the total Zn content was lower, available Zn content had a moderate level in the soil, and the plants was not lack of Zn. During the growing season, content of total Zn and available Zn in soil showed a down-trend distribution along the soil profile. Content of total Zn had a significantly positive correlation with that of the organic matter, but it was negatively correlated to soil pH. Monthly dynamic of the average content of total Zn showed a “V” type curve in the growing season from May to August, and July was the nadir. The trend of the average content of available Zn was similar to the content of total Zn, but was down after August; Zn content variation in the organs and litter of L. chinensis was great, with the order of root>rhizome >leaf>stem>litter. The ratio of available Zn content in A layer versus B layer was more than 2 times that of the total Zn, which indicated that the soil of A layer had higher enrichment capacity of available Zn. The enrichment of Zn in the root of L. chinensis was 44.17 times as that in the soil. The absorbing intensity of root had a significantly negative correlation with the activity of Zn in the soil (r=−0.8800, p<0.01). Biography: ZHOU Xiao-mei (1966–), female, Ph.D., associate professor of Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P.R. China.