不同林龄尾巨桉林地土壤有机碳储量变化差异

为桉树人工林的土壤质量评价提供科学依据,研究了不同林龄(1a、2a、3a、5a、7a)尾巨桉林地0~60cm土壤和枯落物的碳含量及碳储量,测算了不同林龄桉树林地叶面积指数,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层生物量。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而呈降低趋势,不同林龄0~20 cm土层有机碳含量差异显著,不同林龄相同土层之间土壤有机碳储量差异不显著;枯落物碳储量差异显著,大小顺序为：5 a (4.83 t·hm-2)>7 a (3.89 t·hm-2)>3 a (2.66 t·hm-2)>2 a (2.43 t·hm-2)>1 a (1.56 t·hm-2);0~60 cm土层土壤碳储量与叶面积指数呈负相关关系,与林龄、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯落物层生物量之间呈正相关性,但相关性都不显著。     

亚热带4种林分类型枯落物层和土壤层的碳氮磷化学计量特征

【目的】探讨亚热带森林恢复过程中枯落物层和土壤层的C,N,P含量及其化学计量比的变化规律,为阐明亚热带次生林恢复对土壤养分的影响及森林恢复提供科学依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间的方法,以湘中丘陵区杉木人工纯林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林和石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林作为1个恢复系列,分别在其1 hm~2的长期定位观测样地内,沿着坡面选择6块10 m×10 m小样地,每块小样地随机设置2个1.0 m×1.0 m样方,采集地表未分解层、半分解层、已分解层枯落物和0~10,10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤样品,测定C,N,P含量并计算C,N,P的化学计量比。【结果】随着森林恢复和阔叶树比例增大,同一分解层枯落物C含量呈下降趋势,而N和P(除已分解层外)含量大体呈增加趋势;C含量随枯落物分解而下降;马尾松+石栎针阔混交林N含量表现为半分解层已分解层未分解层,杉木人工林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林表现为半分解层未分解层已分解层;南酸枣落叶阔叶林P含量表现为未分解层半分解层已分解层,杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林和石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林均表现为半分解层最高,已分解层最低(除马尾松+石栎针阔混交林外);同一分解层枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值随森林恢复而下降;C∶N、C∶P比值随枯落物分解而下降,N∶P比值无明显变化规律;同一土层C,N,P含量随森林恢复而增加;4种林分0~30 cm土壤层C∶N和C∶P平均比值变化趋势基本一致,石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林最高,其次是马尾松+石栎针阔混交林,杉木人工林最低;4种林分0~30 cm土壤层N∶P平均比值无显著差异;未分解层枯落物C含量与0~10和0~30 cm土层C,N,P含量显著负相关,而N,P含量与0~10和0~30 cm土壤层C,N(除N外),P含量显著正相关;未分解层枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值与0~10和0~30 cm土壤层C(除N∶P比值外),N,P含量显著负相关;枯落物层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值与土壤层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值相关性不显著。【结论】随着森林恢复,阔叶树比例增大,枯落物层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值逐渐下降,土壤层C,N,P含量增加,未分解层枯落物C,N,P含量及其化学计量比对土壤层C,N,P含量影响显著。在森林恢复和森林经营过程中,如何调整林分树种组成,改变枯落物层的质量显得十分关键。     

枫香人工林枯落物和土壤层养分季节变化

对枫香人工林枯落物和土壤养分季节变化进行研究。结果表明:不同季节枯落物的养分大量元素含量大小顺序是夏季>秋季>冬季>春季,含量范围是25.055~37.115 g/kg。土壤中A层大量元素含量从春季开始递减,至夏季达到最低值,秋季有所回升;B层土壤养分含量季节变化呈双峰型,但变化幅度不大.说明土壤养分含量随着深度的增加受到枯落物的影响越小,其土壤养分含量越稳定。A层土壤较容易受到枯落物季节性的影响,微量元素季节变化呈波浪型;B层土壤微量元素含量一年中始终呈现增加趋势。     

枫香人工林枯落物和土壤层重金属含量的季节变化

对长沙市郊枫香人工林枯落物和土壤层重金属含量季节变化进行研究。结果表明:枯落物中Fe、Zn、Ni含量季节之间的变化差异性显著(P0.05),Mn、Cu、Pb、Cd元素含量季节之间的变化差异性不显著(P0.05);7种重金属元素含量在A、B、C层土壤之间差异性和每层季节变化之间的差异性都不显著(P0.05);枯落物与A层土壤重金属含量的季节变化正好相反,A层土壤重金属含量春季到秋季逐步增加,秋季达到最大值,冬季回落。     

川西高山树线群落交错带地被物及土壤的水文效应

采用样带法,以川西米亚罗林区鹧鸪山高山树线群落交错带为研究对象,分析交错带地被物和土壤的持水特性及其变化规律。结果表明:地被物最大持水量为33.55～140.03t·hm-2,暗针叶林>林线>树线>密灌丛>草甸>疏灌丛,暗针叶林枯落物最大持水量显著高于疏密灌丛和草甸;林线地被物拦蓄降水的作用最明显;暗针叶林以苔藓层和枯落物层具有最大有效拦蓄效果,林线和树线以苔藓层具有最大有效拦蓄效果,疏密灌丛以枯落物层具有最大有效拦蓄效果,高山草甸草本层、苔藓层、枯落物层有效拦蓄效果相当;0～30cm土壤饱和蓄水量都在2000t·hm-2以上,暗针叶林>林线>疏灌丛>密灌丛≈草甸>树线;各群落0～30cm土层非毛管持水量为575.89～801.46t·hm-2,表现为暗针叶林>疏灌丛>树线>密灌丛>林线>草甸。     

贵州喀斯特山地5种森林群落的枯落物储量及水文作用

在贵州省普定县喀斯特山地5种森林类型的4种小生境中进行枯落物储量和持水能力调查,研究枯落物持水过程和不同厚度(2,4,6,10cm4个梯度)枯落物抑制土壤蒸发的作用。结果表明:5种森林类型的枯落物层平均厚度变化在2.7～13.7cm,枯落物总储量在4.9～9.1t·hm-2。枯落物最大持水量范围为1.608～3.445kg·kg-1,其排序为圆果化香-异叶鼠李林>圆果化香-小果蔷薇林和圆果化香-槲栎林>圆果化香-云南鼠刺林>窄叶石栎-云南鼠刺林。不同森林类型枯落物吸水速率与浸水时间的关系为V=at-b;有枯落物覆盖的土壤蒸发速率远远小于无枯落物覆盖土壤,并随着枯落物厚度递增而递减。5种森林类型枯落物层的土壤蒸发抑制作用有显著差异,窄叶石栎-云南鼠刺林和圆果化香-异叶鼠李林较强,其次为圆果化香-小果蔷薇林,圆果化香-云南鼠刺林和圆果化香-槲栎林较弱。     

马尾松林分结构对枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的影响

[目的 ]通过监测不同林分结构马尾松林枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应,探究影响其效应的主要结构因子及相关关系,为马尾松林抚育经营管理提供参数。[方法 ]在三峡库区九岭头林场选取9块马尾松林样地,调查其林分结构参数,即叶面积指数、胸径、冠幅、角尺度、Margltf丰富度指数及林木竞争指数等,分别采用室内浸泡法和环刀法对枯落物层和土壤层持水特性进行定量研究,运用Pearson相关分析、主成分分析、冗余分析等方法分析林分结构对枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的影响及其相互关系。[结果 ]林木竞争指数、叶面积指数、林分密度与土壤最大持水量和枯落物层总有效蓄水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),Margltf丰富度指数与土壤最大持水量呈显著正相关,而与枯落物层总有效持水量不相关。林分结构的变量组合分别解释了马尾松林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的54.06%和61.80%。[结论 ]林分结构与枯落物层和土壤层水文效应密切相关,即林木竞争力越强,林木生长状况越好,林分蓄积量越多,枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应越好。     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型土壤微量元素含量及其动态特性

以苏南丘陵主要森林类型土壤为对象,分析测定了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,B的全量和有效量.并对林木叶、枯落物和土壤微量元素的动态特性进行了分析.结果表明：该地区森林土壤全量B,Zn,Mn低于全国平均水平,属低B区;Fe,Mn,Cu全量较为丰富.有效态B,Mo,Cu含量很低,处于临界含量水平以下;有效2n含量稍高,有效Fe,Mn特别丰富.毛竹叶片对各微量元素有较为突出的富集作用;林木叶、枯落物和土壤微量元素的动态变化随林分类型和元素不同而异.与叶相比,土壤微量元素的变幅较大、枯落物是森林土壤微量元素的重要供应库.     

枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤性质的影响

为探究枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤物理、水文性质的影响,于2017年通过设置不同密度的华北落叶松人工林枯落物保留/去除样地,调查了枯落物保留/去除样地林下土壤物理和水文性质的差异。结果表明:枯落物层能够增加土壤的孔隙度、土壤蓄水和渗透能力,去除地表枯落物(LR)和保留枯落物(CK)两种林分在0～100 cm土层中平均容重分别为1.38 g/cm~3和1.30 g/cm~3,平均总孔隙度分别为44.88%和49.74%,毛管孔隙度分别为36.33%和42.56%,非毛管孔隙度表现为8.55%和7.19%,LR和CK土壤初渗速率变化为6.25和7.98 mm/min,土壤稳渗速率范围为3.81和5.22 mm/min,土壤平均入渗速率LR和CK分别为4.38和5.64 mm/min。以上结果说明了枯落物层会显著影响华北落叶松人工林的土壤物理水文性质。     

秦岭山地不同龄组锐齿栎林土壤和枯落物有机碳、全氮特征

锐齿栎林是秦岭山地广泛分布的林分之一,林龄不仅影响着林分的结构组成,而且对林木个体碳、氮元素的吸收与排放有重要影响。以秦岭山地不同龄组锐齿栎林为研究对象,通过野外采样和室内分析,揭示了秦岭山地不同龄组锐齿栎林土壤和枯落物有机碳、全氮的分布特征,探讨了林龄对其的影响和限制锐齿栎林正常生长的土壤可利用性养分元素。结果表明:不同龄组林地土壤(0~40 cm)和枯落物有机碳含量分别为17.61~28.31g/kg,260.09~316.96 g/kg;土壤和枯落物全氮含量分别为1.54~1.94 g/kg,13.12~16.02 g/kg;土壤有机碳密度和全氮密度分别为83.33~117.33 t/hm~2,6.41~8.46 t/hm~2;土壤有机碳含量、密度与枯落物有机碳和全氮含量均随林龄的增长而增加,土壤全氮含量和密度随林龄的增长先增加后减少,近熟林最大。不同龄组林地土壤C:N随林龄变化整体呈增长趋势,成熟林土壤C:N为(18.31±2.25)显著高于其它龄组。林龄对锐齿栎林土壤和凋落物有机碳、全氮含量及土壤有机碳密度有显著影响,锐齿栎生长受土壤可利用性氮元素的限制。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.