Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

Natural bixin as a potential carotenoid for enhancing pigmentation and colour in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Discovering natural carotenoids for colour enhancement and health benefits of fish is important to develop new feed formulations. We have purified natural bixin from achiote seeds and evaluated the effect of colour enhancing and pigmentation in goldfish. Varying levels of bixin‐based diets were prepared with 420 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 120 g kg^?1 of lipid content. Our results clearly showed that bixin (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.60 g kg^?1) based diets significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the skin and fin colour at 30 and 60 days compared to diet without bixin. Interestingly, diet which contains 0.20 g kg^?1 bixin and commercial feed (with astaxanthin) had similar effect on carotenoid deposition in skin. Moreover, total carotenoid deposition in fin was higher than in skin of all bixin‐containing diets. However, 0.60 g kg^?1 bixin‐containing diet had lower specific growth rate (1.01 ± 0.01) and higher feed conversion ratio (2.05 ± 0.19) compared to the control group. The present results demonstrate that achiote bixin can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source against synthetic astaxanthin in fish feed. Our data indicate that 0.20 g kg^?1 is a suitable dietary level of bixin to ensure strong pigmentation, acceptable growth and feed utilization in goldfish.     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

Comparative study on dietary protein requirements for juvenile and pre‐adult gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

Two 8‐week growth trials were conducted in indoor recirculation system to evaluate the protein requirements for juvenile (3.70 ± 0.20 g) and pre‐adult (85.2 ± 0.70 g) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated for each trial using fish meal and casein as protein sources, and protein level was 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 200–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2. With the increasing dietary protein, feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Weight gain (WG) increased first and then reached a plateau in 330–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P > 0.05), while decreased after the maximum value in 350 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Productive protein values (PPVs) were lower in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 400–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary protein level increased protein content and decreased lipid content in whole fish body and white muscle (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matters (ADC_d) decreased, while apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADC_p) increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Trypsin activity significantly increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P < 0.05) and was not affected in Trial 2 (P > 0.05). Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in both trials increased when dietary protein was above 400 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Based on quadratic regression of WG, it was estimated that dietary protein requirement for maximum growth was 414 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 376 g kg^?1) and 365 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 324 g kg^?1) for juvenile (3.70 g) and pre‐adult gibel carp (85.2 g).     

Effects of glycinin on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant capacity in juvenile golden crucian carp,Cyprinus carpio × Carassius auratus

This study was designed to examine the effects of glycinin on growth, digestive ability, immune responses, antioxidant capacity and gene expression levels of golden crucian carp. Golden crucian carp were fed diets containing glycinin at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g/kg, respectively, for 8 weeks. Body weight, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diet. Activities of protease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme in hepatopancreas, and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity in the proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diet, whereas malondialdehyde in proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas increased directly with the content of glycinin in diet. Furthermore, the relative expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in proximal intestine, mid intestine and distal intestine increased directly with the content of glycinin in diet, whereas the relative expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in hepatopancreas were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diets. The relative expressions of IL‐10 in proximal intestine, mid intestine, distal intestine and hepatopancreas all were negatively related to the content of glycinin in diets. In conclusion, reductions in growth, immunity and antioxidant capacity, intestine inflammation with dysfunction of digestive system occurred in golden crucian carp that fed a diet containing glycinin at 30 g/kg or higher after 8 weeks.     

喀斯特山区2个鲫鱼群体基于转铁蛋白的遗传多样性研究

为了解喀斯特山区2个不同鲫鱼群体在蛋白质水平的遗传多样性及其遗传差异,运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对喀斯特山区2个群体鲫鱼的血清转铁蛋白电泳表型及多样性进行研究。结果表明:群体克隆多样性指数表现为草海鲫鱼(0.32)﹥红鲫(0.25,对照)﹥普安鲫鱼(0.13);3个鲫鱼群体的13个克隆由9个不同的等位基因产生,等位基因的频率分别为Tf~a0.144 9、Tf~b0.202 9、Tf~c0.036 2、Tf~d0.058 0、Tf~e0.007 2、Tf~f0.239 1、Tf~g0.014 5、Tf~h0.275 4、Tf~i0.029 0;普安鲫鱼与草海鲫鱼和红鲫无共享的基因型;普安鲫鱼与草海鲫鱼之间的遗传相似性指数较高(0.714 3),遗传距离较小(0.285 7)。总体来看,草海鲫鱼的克隆多样性水平较高,其转铁蛋白多样性程度较普安鲫鱼丰富;2个群体之间存在较近的亲缘关系,未达到遗传距离种的分化标准。     

鲫(♀)×禾花鱼(♂)杂交及杂交F1、亲本的形态特征研究

本实验对鲫(Carassius auratus,♀)×禾花鱼(Procypris merus,♂)的杂交进行了研究,并比较分析杂交子一代(F1代)及其亲本的形态特征.结果显示:杂交获得杂种F1的受精率为92.5%、孵化率为89.3%,成活率82.9%.6月龄F1代7项测定的可数性状均偏向母本;可量性状中F1有5项偏向母...     

芙蓉鲤鲫(芙蓉鲤♀×红鲫♂)的性腺组织学及繁殖性能研究

采用解剖观察、组织切片及人工催情等方法,研究芙蓉鲤鲫(Cyprinus capiofurong.♀×Carassius auratus red var.♂)的性腺发育及繁殖性能。结果显示:解剖观察,芙蓉鲤鲫性腺发育异常的个体占83.64%,性腺外观基本正常的个体占16.36%。组织学观察,芙蓉鲤鲫性腺可分三类:两性嵌合体占21.13%,其中以精巢为主的16.90%,以卵巢为主的4.23%,它们性腺发育迟缓,在繁殖季节成熟系数也没有明显变化,性腺多为一侧发育或两侧不对称,两种性腺细胞均不能成熟;雌性个体占40.84%,在生殖季节卵巢可发育到第IV时相,但未见其细胞核发生偏移;雄性个体,占38.03%,在生殖季节只能发育到精子细胞阶段,不能产生成熟的精子。经人工催产,芙蓉鲤鲫少部分个体有发情产卵行为但不能正常受精。结果表明芙蓉鲤鲫为两性败育类型。     

额尔齐斯河银鲫形态学及COI基因序列分析

采用传统形态学方法和线粒体COI基因序列分析对额尔齐斯河银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)两个群体的形态和遗传差异进行了比较。结果显示:通过对8个可量性状和20个框架数据的主成分分析可以看出,两个群体分别占据两个不相重叠的区域,两个群体在形态上存在明显分化。COI基因序列分析显示,两群体之间遗传距离为0.012,群体间遗传距离是群体内最大遗传距离的4倍,两群体间在编码的氨基酸序列上出现了一处替换,群体遗分化指数值为0.96078,基因流值为0.01,表明群体间缺乏基因交流,群体间有明显的遗传分化。