基于表型多样性构建向日葵核心种质

为鉴定评价我国向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）种质资源在南方地区的表现，筛选构建向日葵核心种质，以422份向日葵种质为材料，在进行2年鉴定观察的基础上，采用描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析等方法对11个表型农艺性状进行分析评价。结果表明，原始群体的这些农艺性状具有较大的变异幅度，其变异系数（CV）为3.60%~83.32%，平均变异系数为20.93%，其中分枝株率（0%~62.5%）、单株粒重（9.70~232.35 g）、百粒重（4.60~14.92 g）、叶片数（14.40~48.38个）和株高（103.75~260.00 cm）变异幅度较大；性状间表现出显著的相关性，主成分分析表明，影响性状的4个主要成分解释了总方差的71.72%。采用QGAstation 2.0软件构建了72组核心种质候选群体，并根据均值差异百分数（MD）、方差差异百分率（VD），极差符合率（CR）和变异系数百分率（VR），获得组获得1组包含84份材料的最佳核心种质群体。聚类分析将84份核心资源分为5大类，与原群体相比，所选核心种质均值无显著差异，方差显著提高，能最大限度代表原始油葵种质资源保存和利用。     

食用向日葵产量性状的遗传研究

以食葵不育系17-A26为母本、恢复系17-C19为父本,构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂ 6个世代群体,研究了产量相关性状盘径、单株总粒数、结实率、百粒重、粒长和粒宽的后代变异及遗传率。结果表明,6个性状均为数量性状,变异幅度排序为单株总粒数>粒长>盘径>结实率>百粒重>粒宽,狭义遗传率排序为百粒重>粒长>单株总粒数>粒宽>盘径>结实率。根据遗传进度结果,百粒重、粒长、单株总粒数和粒宽宜早代根据表型选择,盘径宜晚代选择,结实率宜晚代结合多环境联合选择。     

Growth and economic analysis of freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), produced with feeds substituting sunflower cake for fish meal,soya bean meal and mustard oil cake

A feeding trial with Macrobrachium rosenbergii was carried out to test the effectiveness of sunflower cake (SFC) as a replacement for conventional protein sources. Four isonitrogenous (~30% crude protein) and isocaloric (388–402 kcal) diets were formulated. Diet‐1 was a control made with conventional ingredients including fish meal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake. Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐4 were made with 30%, 40% and 50% SFC, respectively, replacing the usual protein sources used in Diet‐1. After 100 days, diets with SFC inclusion showed favourable growth and economic performance trends compared to control diet‐1, but without significant differences (p > .05). Better production (572.89 ± 62.99 kg/ha) was observed with Diet‐4 followed by Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐1. Diet‐4 revealed the best feed conversion ratio (2.56 ± 0.24), specific growth rate (1.18 ± 0.05) and protein efficiency ratio (1.14 ± 0.10) among these diets. Whole carcass composition analysis revealed highest crude protein (18.19%) and lipid (4.43%) content in prawns fed Diet‐3 followed by Diet‐4. Highest total income, gross margin and benefit cost ratio (BCR) per hectare from prawns were US$5,759, US$2,623 and 1.84, respectively, found in Diet‐4. This study demonstrates that 30%–50% inclusion of SFC has favourable impacts on productivity and profitability compared with controls, with 50% SFC inclusion as the most cost‐effective diet for prawns without apparent compromise in growth, flesh quality or economics. The performances of the diets suggest that SFC may be a suitable substitute for fishmeal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake in prawn feed. The effectiveness of higher SFC concentrations should also be investigated.     

Exogenous xylanase improves growth,protein digestibility and digestive enzymes activities in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fed different ratios of fish meal to sunflower meal

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different ratios of fish meal (FM): sunflower meal (SFM) with or without exogenous xylanase supplementation on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes activities, apparent digestibility, intestinal and liver morphology and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three isonitrogenous (329.80 g/kg of crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.46 MJ/kg gross energy) experimental diets were formulated as SFM₁ (FM:SFM = 2:1), SFM₂ (FM:SFM = 1:1) and SFM₃ (FM:SFM = 1:2) based on protein content. Each diet was supplemented with 0 or 0.5 g/kg of exogenous xylanase and was fed to triplicate groups of twelve fish (with initial weight, 1.31 ± 0.02 g) for 84 days. After 84 days of feeding period, the highest weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency, protein productive value and the best feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish fed either SFM₁ or SFM₂ supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Whereas lowest growth performance was recorded in fish fed SFM₂ and SFM₃ un‐supplemented with xylanase. The highest activities of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase and cholecystokinin were observed in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with xylanase. The highest ADCs of dry matter, protein, lipid and digestible energy were recorded in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Supplementation of exogenous xylanase improved muscularis mucosa thickness, height of mucosal folds and enterocytes of intestinal fish. Addition of exogenous xylanase increased the calcium and phosphorus retention. Results of this study indicated that the addition of exogenous xylanase to diet containing high inclusion level of sunflower meal improved growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient digestibility, histological morphometric of liver and intestine and nutrient retention.     

不同油葵种植方式对银北灌区盐碱地土壤温度、含水率和电导率的影响

为了探究油葵不同种植方式对盐碱地土壤水、热、盐分布状况的影响,以平播（T1）为对照,开展了半膜平播（T2）、半膜平播+膜间覆秸秆（T3）、起垄沟播（T4）、起垄沟播+沟覆秸秆（T5）、垄膜沟播（T6）、垄膜沟播+沟覆秸秆（T7）等6种种植方式对油葵田土壤温度、水分和电导率的影响研究。结果表明：与对照相比,不同种植方式均提高了早上7:00时5cm深度的土温,但油葵花期土壤增温效果明显弱于苗期,垄膜沟播种植方式更有利于减缓地 表5cm深度土温的剧烈变化。与对照相比,在油葵苗期,T7和T6的0~20cm土层土壤含水率分别提高了6.30%和5.01%,20~40cm土层分别提高了6.00%和3.38%,在油葵开花期,土壤含水率较对照提高幅度有所降低。与播种前0~20cm土层土壤电导率相比,T6在苗期和开花期均有所下降,其中开花期下降了33.81%,T7在苗期略有增加,在开花期则略有下降,其他处理在苗期增加幅度较大。因此,在银北灌区油葵生产中,垄膜沟播是一种适宜的油葵种植方式。     

太阳能暗管排水对银北灌区油葵土壤环境及产量影响

针对土壤盐渍化严重影响了宁夏银北灌区土壤环境和作物产量的问题,通过太阳能暗管排水区和非暗管排水区对比试验方法,着重研究了2017和2018两年太阳能暗管长时间持续排水对土壤环境和油葵产量的影响。结果表明:太阳能暗管排水可以有效改善土壤环境,使两年的地下水平均埋深分别增加4.5%和6.4%,地下水平均矿化度分别降低7.9%和9.0%,两年土壤平均脱盐率分别为4.7%和8.2%,对表层土壤的脱盐效果最为明显。同时提高了油葵产量和水分生产效率,两年油葵产量分别提高13.8%和21.6%,灌溉水分生产效率分别增加13.3%和21.8%,作物水分生产效率分别增加16.4%和22.9%。综合试验结果和经济成本考虑,油葵生育期灌水2次、播前灌水1次、冬灌1次,生育期5-9月持续排水,这是适宜惠农当地太阳能暗管排水条件下油葵的灌排制度。     

生物炭对向日葵秸秆热解特性及气体产物影响

为了研究生物炭对向日葵秸秆热解的影响,以向日葵秸秆为原料,基于TG-FTIR研究生物炭添加前后向日葵秸秆热解特性与气体产物的变化。结果表明,与向日葵秸秆相比,混合样品主热解区间由276~349℃变得更长,并且发生不同程度的偏移,热解活化能不同程度降低,由60.21降到38.07~50.35 kJ/mol,呋喃类、酸类、含羰基类化合物、芳香醛类、CO、CH4等产物吸光度值存在差异。随着添加500℃制备生物炭比例增加,混合样品热解的活化能减小,释放气体产物中芳香醛类释放量增量减少,CO与CH4释放量降低。添加不同制备温度的生物炭,混合样品热解产生呋喃类、酸类、含羰基类化合物释放量均有所降低;添加500和700℃制备的生物炭,混合样品热解气体产物中芳香醛类增加。添加900℃制备的生物炭,向日葵秸秆热解气体产物中CO产量增加。该研究为向日葵秸秆的有效利用提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

盐胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以银叶向日葵ARG1807（Wt）为供试材料，陕葵2号的保持系（HA）和恢复系（HL）为对照材料，利用250 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫处理7 d，分析供试材料与对照材料盐胁迫前后的形态变化以及叶片中的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及SOD活性等生理指标差异，探究银叶向日葵耐盐的形态和生理基础。结果表明：（1）Wt的株高、叶面积增量以及根、茎、叶生物量分别比未进行NaCl胁迫处理植株（对照，CK）减少24.53%、38.21%、2.59%、5.50%、3.42%，其变化幅度小于HA和HL。(2) 在盐胁迫处理下，各向日葵品种的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）均显著下降，而气孔限制值（Ls）显著上升，说明HA、HL与Wt净光合速率降低主要是由于气孔因素。（3）在盐胁迫下，3个向日葵品种叶片的脯氨酸含量（Pro）、丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）均发生了显著变化，其中，Wt的脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、POD活性以及CAT活性分别比CK增加279.94%、65.09%、211.11%和55.91%，高于HA 和HL，而MDA含量比CK增加231.10%，低于HA。（4）随着时间的推移，3个向日葵品种叶片失水速率均显著上升，其中，Wt的失水速率一直低于HA、HL。在失水150 min时，HA失水速率最高，达84%，Wt叶片失水最慢，失水速率为69%，说明Wt在保水能力方面具有显著优势。（5）观察向日葵叶片表型发现：Wt的叶片表皮毛长度长，密度明显多于HA和HL，推测这可能是Wt保水性强于HA和HL的原因。分析表明：在盐逆境下，形态指标和生理指标，均为银叶向日葵表现最佳，优势突出，表明其在盐逆境下具有更强的适应能力。