不同厚度秸秆隔层对河套灌区盐碱土壤温度、水分和食葵产量的影响

【目的】研究不同厚度秸秆隔层对盐碱地食葵农田土壤温度、水分动态变化及产量的影响,为河套灌区筛选适宜盐碱地食葵生长的合理厚度秸秆隔层措施提供依据。【方法】2015—2017年在内蒙古河套地区典型盐碱农田设置了4个不同厚度的秸秆隔层,分别为CK（无秸秆隔层）、S3（厚度3 cm秸秆隔层）、S5（厚度5 cm秸秆隔层）和S7（厚度7 cm秸秆隔层）,研究不同厚度秸秆隔层对食葵生育期土壤温度、水分动态变化特征和食葵产量的影响。【结果】秸秆隔层处理（S3、S5和S7）显著提高了食葵全生育期0—40 cm土层温度,其中2015—2017年在食葵苗期分别较CK处理显著增加了0.7、0.6、0.5℃（P<0.05）,但其增温幅度随秸秆埋设时长的增加逐渐减小,花期秸秆隔层处理间差异显著,其中S5、S7处理3年平均分别较CK处理提高了0.4、0.6℃（P<0.05）;40—50 cm土层的秸秆隔层处理在食葵苗期、蕾期表现出增温趋势,在生长后期表现出降温趋势。不同处理下向日葵全生育期土壤温度整体上均随土层加深而降低,且土壤温度和大气温度间均具有极显著的正相关关系,3年内R²值的分布范围为0.628—0.735,秸秆隔层处理增强了土壤温度对大气温度的敏感程度,且土壤温度对大气温度的响应随秸秆埋设时长的增加而减弱。不同秸秆隔层处理与不同灌水时期间交互作用对土壤含水量有显著影响（P<0.05）,秸秆隔层处理能够降低灌溉前、收获后0—40 cm土层平均土壤含水量,其中S7处理降幅最大,3年平均分别较CK处理降低了7.9%、5.4%（P<0.05）;但在灌溉后S3、S5和S7处理平均土壤含水量3年分别较CK处理提高了2.3%、3.4%、3.6%（P<0.05）。秸秆隔层处理能够促进食葵生长,增加食葵产量,提高灌溉水生产率和水分利用效率,其中以5、7 cm厚度秸秆隔层处理增幅最大,但两处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）。【结论】不同厚度秸秆隔层均能够提高食葵生育期0—40 cm土层温度,温度增幅随秸秆埋设时长的增加而减小,在花期各处理间差异较显著,并且秸秆隔层处理能够提高灌后0—40 cm土层平均土壤含水量,为食葵提供适宜的生长环境,综合考虑3年土壤温度、作物水分利用效率等,5 cm厚度秸秆隔层处理最适宜在内蒙古河套灌区推广应用。     

枸杞瘿螨的发生危害调查及生态调控研究

以内蒙古枸杞产区主要害虫枸杞瘿螨为研究对象,于2008－2013年分别在内蒙古托克托县五申镇、乌拉特前旗先锋镇和内蒙古自治区园艺研究院试验场等地,选择不同栽培环境的枸杞园地开展枸杞瘿螨发生危害调查,并进行枸杞行间套作藿香蓟、薄荷及苜蓿等开花植物生态调控枸杞瘿螨试验,为实施以植物多样性为基础的枸杞瘿螨综合调控技术、降低农药使用提供理论和技术支撑。结果表明：枸杞园环围栽培向日葵、玉米和瓜类等多种植物,枸杞行间套作和毗邻向日葵、藿香蓟等开花作物,枸杞与向日葵、玉米间隔呈条幅带作栽培,对枸杞瘿螨的发生危害有抑制作用。生态调控区枸杞瘿螨的发生危害以6月最重,6月到8月危害呈现下降趋势,因此认为,药剂防治仍应是目前早春4－6月枸杞瘿螨出蛰活动期必须实施的措施,之后随着多作物生态环境的营造,可以持续控制枸杞瘿螨的发生危害。     

饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。选取32头健康泌乳水牛(平均年龄为6.0岁,平均体重为620 kg),按产奶量(9 kg/d以上)、泌乳期(处于泌乳中期)相近原则随机分为4组,进行为期6周的饲养试验,其中预试期2周,正试期4周。基础饲料由精料和粗料组成。对照组饲喂基础饲粮;在试验组的精料中分别添加4%的葵花籽油(葵花籽油组)、4%的茶油(茶油组)、2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油(混合组)。结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组的产奶量均显著下降(P<0.05),乳脂率均显著提高(P<0.05),乳脂产量、乳蛋白率和乳糖率则无显著变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的乳总固形物含量分别提高了5.22%、7.95%和6.17%,其中茶油组和混合组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组乳脂中cis9,trans11-C18∶2[共轭亚油酸(CLA)]的含量提高了44.54%(P<0.05),混合组乳脂中trans11-C18∶1的含量提高了22.68%(P<0.05)。葵花籽油组、混合组乳脂中C18∶2的含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)均比对照组提高,且葵花籽油组和混合组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中混合组的PUFA/SFA最高。各组水牛的血液总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、葡萄糖、总蛋白、尿素氮含量及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出,泌乳水牛饲粮中添加精料饲喂量4%的葵花籽油、4%的茶油或2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油合均可提高乳脂率和乳脂中CLA的含量,但会导致产奶量降低;优化乳脂脂肪酸组成上,以葵花籽油和茶油的混合添加效果较好。     

Sunflower seed meal as a protein source in diets for Tilapia rendalli (Boulanger, 1896) fingerlings

This study tested the use of sunflower seed meal as a dietary protein replacement for fishmeal in practical diets for tilapia fingerlings. In order to determine the optimum substitution level for this species, sunflower seed meal was used to replace 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of the fishmeal protein in diets containing 40% protein overall. During a 70‐day feeding period, diets containing 10% and 20% plant protein provided the best growth and feeding efficiency results, with values statistically similar to those of the control diet based on fishmeal as the sole protein. The unitary feeding cost index showed the highest profit with diets containing 20% sunflower seed meal. Growth depletion observed with diets containing higher sunflower seed meal percentages is explained by increasing Phe and Met deficiencies, and high non‐digestible fibre content. It was concluded that sunflower seed meal is a suitable feed ingredient for tilapia complete diets when it constitutes up to 20% of the dietary protein.     

食用向日葵新品种酒葵143选育报告

为了给甘肃省向日葵产业健康持续发展提供高产、优质、抗病抗逆性强的向日葵品种,酒泉市农业科学研究院以自育不育系XF118A为母本、恢复系FK1421C为父本杂交,对杂交组合进行配合力测定、田间鉴定及考种,选育出食用向日葵杂交种酒葵143。在2018 — 2019年多点区域试验中, 2 a 10点(次)有8点(次)增产,平均折合产量4 095.8 kg/hm2,较对照品种JK601增产8.0%。该品种中熟,生育期113 d,株高204.1 cm;结实率87.6%,籽仁率53.8%;籽粒长锥形,长2.48 cm、宽0.93 cm。籽粒蛋白质含量127.0 g/kg,含油率26.32%。中抗菌核病、黄萎病,高抗黑斑病、褐斑病。适宜在甘肃省河西、中部地区及其他类似生态区春播种植。     

Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water

This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high‐temperature extruded (≤149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFM_EX) for post‐smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (‘Guelph system’) for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ～116 g) in 4000‐L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25–40 L min^?1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0–8.5 mg L^?1), 11–12°C sea water (salinity, 29–31 g L^?1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam‐pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg^?1 and ～16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg^?1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low‐temperature‐dried anchovy meal (LT‐AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFM_EX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT‐AM in the basal diet (SFM_EX≤271 g kg^?1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39–1.45% day^?1), feed efficiency (1.19–1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8–47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5–49.4%), per cent survival (96.0–99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFM_EX can comprise ≥271 g kg^?1 of the dry diet or ≥22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post‐smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance.     

河套灌区套种模式下综合作物系数的试验研究

依据FAO56作物需水量指南提供的作物系数计算方法,分别计算了内蒙古河套灌区磴口试验站小麦套种覆膜玉米、小麦套种未覆膜玉米、小麦套种油料向日葵3种套种模式下的综合单、双值作物系数。结果表明,3种套种模式下的作物在全生育期内均可迎来2次综合需水高峰;共生阶段的作物系数,单值方法高于双值方法的计算结果,而单一作物独立生长阶段,双值方法高于单值方法的计算结果;无论单值计算还是双值计算的套种作物田间综合ET,当单一作物处于独立生长期时差别不大,而2种作物共同生育阶段的差别较大;将3种作物在套种模式下的生育阶段划分的更加详细并分别命名,为套种模式下作物蒸散量提供更准确的计算依据。     

向日葵小菌核病防治措施的研究

本文通过对向日葵小菌核病（Ｓｄｅｒｏｔｉｎｉａ．ｍｉｎｏｒＪａｇｇｅｒ）的防治措施研究，明确了早期拔除病株，收获时及时清理病残秸杆，３年以上轮作，迟播种期到６月１日左右，采用５０％速克灵可湿性粉剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，５０％强力杀菌剂水剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，具有较好的防治效果。     

Respiration and Growth of Sorghum and Sunflower under Predicted Increased Night Temperatures1

Little information exists concerning how crops will respond to the predicted increased night temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if respiration and growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a C, plant, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a C₃ plant, are affected when the night temperature is increased by 5°C compared to the long-term (19 year) average night temperature in June in Kansas. Sorghum and sunflower were grown in two walk-in growth chambers with either the ambient night temperature (21C) or a high night temperature (26C). Day temperature was the same for all plants (27C). Both sunflower and sorghum had higher respiration rates under the elevated night temperature than under the ambient temperature. The average respiration rate of sunflower grown under elevated night temperature increased by 19% (0.89 vs. 0.75 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and that of sorghum by 44 % (0.52 vs. 0.36μmol m^?2s^?1). After 74 days, sunflower plants grown under the ambient night temperature were 30.2 cm taller than sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature; sorghum plants under the ambient temperature were 24.8 cm taller. Sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature formed flowers one week earlier than those grown under the ambient temperature. Sorghum formed no flowers by 74 days. Results suggest that, if climate change does increase night temperature, respiration will be increased more in C₄, than C₃ plants.     

油葵杂交种春播产比试验及适宜播期的确定

通过油葵产比、播期试验结果分析，新葵6号256.67kg/667m^2，较对照种G101增产11.82%，居参试种首位，同时提出春播种植油葵应选择生育期较长的品种，播期以3月25日至4月5日为宜，适播人播种越早越好。