抗旱耐盐碱食用向日葵恢复系的选育及应用<

为了选育适宜在山西省食用向日葵生产区种植的抗旱耐盐碱、广适性强、抗逆性强、高产优质的恢复系以及杂交种,本试验以国内的优良品种资源与自选育的不育系为材料,通过套袋自交成功选育出恢复系‘汾恢1号’、‘汾恢2号’、‘汾恢3号’,对3个恢复系进行农艺性状调查、抗旱耐盐碱鉴定和早代恢复力和配合力选择,结果表明恢复系‘汾恢1号’、‘汾恢2号’、‘汾恢3号’配合力高、花粉量大、恢复率100%、抗旱、耐盐碱、高抗黄萎病、耐菌核病,其中‘汾恢1号’表现突出,3个恢复系于2012年11月29日通过了山西省农业科学院科研处验收。利用‘汾恢1号’培育的杂交组合FK-0918,2014年参加山西省区试平均产量达3726.56 kg/hm²,比对照YS809增产29.9%,排第四位。该品种表现出较好的抗病性、抗旱性、耐盐碱、产量高,商品性好,生育期108天,适宜在山西省晋中及晋西北食用向日葵生产区种植,应用推广前景乐观。     

Precision phenotyping of imidazolinone-induced chlorosis in sunflower

Chlorosis level is a useful parameter to assess imidazolinone resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The aim of this study was to quantify chlorosis through two different methods in sunflower plantlets treated with imazapyr. The genotypes used in this study were two inbred lines reported to be different in their resistance to imidazolinones. Chlorosis was evaluated by spectrophotometrical quantification of photosynthetic leaf pigments and by a bioinformatics-based color analysis. A protocol for pigment extraction was presented which improved pigment stability. Chlorophyll amount decreased significantly when both genotypes were treated with 10 μM of imazapyr. Leaf color was characterized using Tomato Analyzer^® color test software. A significant positive correlation between color reduction and chlorophyll concentration was found. It suggests that leaf color measurement could be an accurate method to estimate chlorosis and infer chlorophyll levels in sunflower plants. These results highlight a strong relationship between imidazolinone-induced chlorosis and variations in leaf color and in chlorophyll concentration. Both methods are quantitative, rapid, simple, and reproducible. Thus, they could be useful tools for phenotyping and screening large number of plants when breeding for imidazolinone resistance in this species.     

Influence of staggered sown Spring sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) at varying intra–row spacing and applied–N on pre– and post–anthesis N dynamics and dry matter partitioning in Indo–Gangetic Plains Region

In current study, dry–matter accumulation (DMA), pre– and post–anthesis nitrogen (N) accumulation, N translocation (NT) and dry–matter partitioning by sunflower seeds was investigated under three sowing dates (January 20, February 10 & March 2), two intra–row spacings (30 & 24 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 45, 60 & 75 kg ha^–1) in two alluvial soils. Early sowing resulted in higher DMA and NT; leading to higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) that could be associated with higher pre–anthesis N accumulation. The closer intra–row spacing resulted in higher DMA by all plant parts except seed. Each graded N dose improved DMA, but improvement in dry–matter partitioning to seed was significant up to 60 and 75 kg N ha^–1 during 2014 and 2015, respectively owing to higher NT under respective treatments. NUE was highest at 60 kg N ha^–1 during both years.     

NPK could alleviate the adverse effects of simulated acid rain in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of macronutrients (NPK) in alleviating the adverse effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In addition to control (T₀), three different treatments, i.e., SAR (HNO₃) of pH 3 (T₁), NPK (T₂), and SAR + NPK (T₃), were applied on two sunflower cultivars, i.e., FH-37 and FH-385. The experiment was set up in CRD (completely randomized design) with four replicates of each treatment. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, ion contents (NPK), and gas exchange characters were determined. Acid rain remarkably reduced the chlorophyll pigments, NPK ionic content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, while an increase in internal CO₂ concentration and water use efficiency was noted in both the cultivars. The mixture of NPK with SAR exhibited positive impact to lessen the toxicity caused by acid. Among cultivars, FH-385 showed better performance as compared to FH-37.     

黑龙江省食用向日葵新品种区域试验

为筛选出适合黑龙江省栽培的优质、高产、稳产、抗逆性强、适应性广的食用向日葵新品种,以甘葵1号为对照,对7家单位提供的11个向日葵新品种进行区域比较试验,鉴定不同向日葵品种在各主要产区的生育表现、丰产性、抗逆性及适应性。结果表明:有10个参试品种均比对照增产极显著,综合性状表现好,其中SH1082、LSK14、安0610、LS3968和SH0152已完成两年区试,建议晋升生产试验;CH9148、龙食杂4号、三瑞6号、NB8618和WZ9188是第一年区试,建议继续试验;NB003比对照减产极显著,菌核发病率高,综合性状表现不好,建议停试。     

河套地区春小麦向日葵复种对土壤盐分及农田生产力的影响

为降低河套灌区土壤盐分,充分利用光热资源,提高土地生产力,在坝楞村试验站以春小麦、玉米和向日葵单作为对照,春小麦收获后及时移栽向日葵,监测并分析春小麦-向日葵复种对耕层土壤盐分、作物产量、产值和固化热能等的影响。结果表明,春小麦-向日葵复种耕层土壤盐分较春小麦、玉米和向日葵单作分别降低了32.52%,16.70%和24.92%;等价籽粒产量分别提高了107.25%,23.20%和17.28%;籽粒固化热能分别提高了105.35%,6.06%和18.31%;总等价产量分别提高了126.01%,3.86%和3.21%。春小麦-向日葵复种的等价秸秆产量较春小麦单作提高了252.19%,较玉米单作降低35.94%,较向日葵单作降低30.01%,秸秆固化热能较春小麦单作提高了91.84%,较玉米单作降低了10.05%,较向日葵单作提高了4.08%;总固化热能较春小麦单作提高了98.40%,较玉米单作降低了5.82%,较向日葵单作提高了7.83%。复种移栽的向日葵经济系数显著高于单作的向日葵。春小麦-向日葵复种的总产值较春小麦、玉米和向日葵单作分别提高了143.35%,102.33%和3.19%,总净产值较春小麦单作提高了176.15%,较玉米单作提高了116.55%,较向日葵单作降低了13.26%。春小麦-向日葵复种的总净产值虽然低于向日葵单作,但可降低土壤盐分,故春小麦-向日葵复种在河套灌区有一定的发展前景。     

向日葵亲本和杂交后代的相互关系研究

[目的]揭示向日葵的两个亲本材料在杂交育种中与杂交后代的影响关系.[方法]对20份向日葵亲本和100份杂交组合进行方差及相关性分析.[结果]向日葵杂交后代F1在产量、含油率、花盘直径、单盘粒重以及出仁率等方面都与其母本有着显著的正向相关性,与父本在单盘粒重上也存在着显著的正相关关系.同时F1杂交后代的综合表现与不育系有很大程度上的相似性,F1的多项农艺性状的表现主要是受亲本中不育系所控制的,不育系的表现会直接影响到其产量和含油率等.[结论]在培育适应大田生产的杂种F1的时候,应优先考虑杂交亲本中母本的优良性状.     

三亚地区切花向日葵产业化的发展前景

简述三亚地区切花向日葵生产状况和目前生产中存在的问题,并对其发展前景进行探讨。     

热带地区盆栽观赏向日葵栽培技术

利用三亚热带气候条件优势冬季栽培盆栽观赏向日葵,经济效益好,具有很好的发展前景。从观赏向日葵的品种选择、选地及盆栽基质、播种、移栽、水肥管理、温度与光照、病虫害等方面介绍观赏向日葵品种在热带地区的栽培技术,为热带地区推广反季节盆栽观赏向日葵提供参考。     

向日葵秆超微粉用于酚醛树脂添加剂的试验

采用《非木质造纸原料成分分析方法》(GB 2677.2—93)和红外光谱分析法,分析了向日葵秆主要成分、基团结构特征等,结果表明:向日葵秆超微粉具备作为酚醛树脂添加剂的条件。对向日葵秆超微粉与酚醛树脂混合体系的胶合性能、热力学反应性质、游离苯酚质量分数、价格成本等分析,结果表明:向日葵秆超微粉与酚醛树脂易混合;当超微粉的添加量达到m(酚醛树脂)∶m(向日葵秆超微粉)=100∶11时,胶液的黏度比较理想,游离苯酚的质量分数从加入面粉m(酚醛树脂)∶m(面粉)=100∶25时的0.30%降至0.16%,胶合板强度达到了国家标准(GB/T 9846—2004)规定的Ⅰ类胶合板的要求,向日葵秆超微粉可以替代部分工业面粉作为酚醛树脂添加剂使用,每生产1 m3的胶合板胶黏剂使用成本至少节约30元。