红外复合加热型连续式智能串烤机设计与试验

基于Android平台与ATMEGA328P嵌入式系统开发,结合温控模型及传热分析等多种技术优化研制连续型自动串烤工艺系统及设备。结合中红外与电热管复合加热及同步链输送系统,设计出能适应不同直径的自旋转插拔式串签夹持机构实现物料连续化烤制,建立烤制过程基于热量平衡原理的温度控制模型,结合自适应粒子群算法(PSO)优化神经网络PID算法实现设定参数恒温控制,利用红外热成像技术对不同功率红外烤制肉制品的传热特性、辐射穿透深度、中心截面温度分布进行分析,开发完成了Atmega328P单片机逻辑运算控制系统及Android端触屏控制界面,并对该样机工艺系统肉制品连续烤制效果进行分析。系统试验结果表明:同步链输送系统与自旋机构结合实现连续化烤制过程,自旋转插拔式串签夹持器可适应直径2～6 mm范围串签,机构夹持力应不低于0.265 N,设备运行速度1 m/min时串签旋转速度5.3 r/min,恒温控制采用PSO优化神经网络PID模型得P=0.218 1,I=0.63,D=-0.151 9,烤制温度设定为160℃时上下偏差分别为2.4与2.7℃,最大波动范围5.1℃;不同功率红外管烤制物料表面温度达到100℃左右时,2 000 W中波红外管烤制效果较好,物料辐射传热穿透层深约2 mm,内部则以热传导为主,内外温差约25℃;ATMEGA328P嵌入式控制系统动作准确,Android触屏控制界面操作响应灵敏;物料烤制时间最短为6 min,生产能力为1 200串/h,为工业连续化串烤生产提供技术参考。     

加糖对白肋烟烘焙过程中致香产物的影响

以湖北恩施白肋烟C3F为试材,研究施加葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、核糖、转化糖(蔗糖)和果葡糖浆6种糖液及木糖施加量对白肋烟烘焙后致香产物的影响。结果表明:烘焙过程中,施加糖液能显著促进白肋烟致香产物的生成,果糖及果葡糖浆对提高吡嗪类、呋喃类致香产物含量的效果较佳,尤其是对吡嗪类产物的增加具有显著作用;施加木糖和核糖对增加吡咯类、吡啶类和碳环类致香产物的效果好;木糖施加量为4%时,吡嗪类产物生成量达到最大;木糖施加量6%～8%时,其他类致香产物生成量达到最大。主成分分析结果表明,第1主成分的贡献率为81.39%,反映的指标主要有5–甲基–2糠醛、糠醛、2–乙酰呋喃、1–糠基吡咯、3–羟基吡啶等;第2主成分的贡献率为15.51%,反映的指标主要有糠醛、5–甲基–2糠醛、2–吡咯甲醛、2–乙酰呋喃、丙酮醇等。     

基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机的优化设计

文中设计了一种基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机,为了提高机器的运动平顺性及降低噪音,对双锅曲毫机的曲柄摇杆机构的关键参数进行了优化设计,以其最小传动角最大化为目标函数,建立了双锅曲毫机的优化设计数学模型,运用Matlab编制了基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机优化设计程序,并运用此程序进行了优化计算及验证试验。优化结果表明,曲柄长度200 mm,连杆长度333 mm,摇杆长度310 mm,机架杆长度为320 mm,最小传动角由14.6o增加到21.1o,噪音由75 dB减小到70 dB,珠茶成型率由84%增加到92%,碎茶率由8.6%下降到7.2%。该研究为提高双锅曲毫机的工作性能提供了理论依据。     

美国大杏仁烘烤和贮存过程中的香气成分分析

【目的】研究美国大杏仁烘烤和烘烤后贮存过程中香气成分及其含量的变化,为美国大杏仁的加工及贮存提供理论依据。【方法】通过氯化钙柱吸附法制备样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对美国大杏仁烘烤前、后及烘烤后贮存3个月和6个月的风味成分及其含量进行分析。【结果】美国大杏仁烘烤前的主要挥发性物质有25种,烘烤后的主要挥发性物质有44种,烘烤后贮存过程中的主要挥发性物质有50种;美国大杏仁中的挥发性香气成分主要为芳香醛类、脂肪族醛类、芳香醇类、脂肪族醇类、吡嗪类及其衍生物,苯甲醛是美国大杏仁挥发性成分的主要特征香气组分。【结论】纸袋包装的烘烤美国大杏仁在37℃下贮存6个月时已经氧化变质,高含油量及高不饱和脂肪酸的存在是引起烘烤杏仁变质的主要原因,壬醛、己醛、2-辛烯醛、辛醛及庚醛等脂肪族醛类物质是烘烤美国大杏仁氧化酸败后产生不良气味的主要组分;壬醛和己醛的组分含量可以作为油脂氧化程度及确定烘烤美国大杏仁货架期的检测指标。     

龙井茶机械化加工配套技术的开发研究

通过对两种主要龙井茶加工工艺,三种辉锅方式,手工辅助辉锅作对照的比较分析,结果表明：两种工艺流程以第二条加工工艺为佳,即经理条后的加工工艺优于未经理条工艺,两种工艺手工辅助辉锅方式所制干茶差异不明显;辉锅试验结果表明：八角滚筒机优于其他两种辉锅设备,也优于手工辅助辉锅;最佳辉锅参数为组合2,即投叶量3.5～4 kg,160℃25 min＋200℃15 min。     

Effect of Untreated, Roasted and Germinated Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo) Flours on the Physico-chemical and Biscuit (Cookie) Making Characteristics of Soft Wheat Flour

Determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of composite soft wheat flours in which 5–25% (w/w) of the wheat flour was replaced with untreated, roasted and germinated black gram (Phaseolus mungo) flours (BGF) showed that when roasted BGF comprised 20% (w/w) of the blend, the increases in the ash and protein contents were 123% and 35%, respectively. The values for the gluten contents and the Zeleny and sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation test volumes for the composite flours indicated a weakening effect of BGF on the quality of soft wheat flour proteins, which could be beneficial for the preparation of biscuits (cookies). The alkaline water retention capacity values increased with the increasing addition of differently processed BGFs. Biscuit baking studies indicated that the diameter and spread ratio of biscuits were reduced, while the thickness increased, with increasing addition of all three BGFs, but the maximum reduction in diameter was observed with the addition of germinated BGF. The hardness value for biscuits increased with the addition of BGFs, but the effect was minimal with roasted BGF and maximal with germinated BGF. The surface grain score was reduced with increasing addition of BGF, but, in general, the roasted BGF showed the minimum adverse effect. From the overall biscuit making quality, addition of untreated BGF at the 15% level and of roasted and germinated BGFs at the 20% level were considered optimal for supplementing wheat flour.     

Development,acceptability and nutritional value of weaning mixtures

Low cost weaning mixtures were prepared by mixing (i) malted pearl millet (Penicitum typhidium L), roasted amaranth (Amaranthus sp.); roasted green gram (Vigna radiata); jaggery and (ii) malted barley (Dehusked barley); roasted amaranth grain; roasted green gram; jaggery in proportion 60204045 wt/wt and were nutritionally evaluated. Both the blends had a nutrient composition within the range prescribed by the Indian Standard Institute (ISI) for processed weaning foods. The processing of grains resulted in lower levels of phytic acid, polyphenols and saponins and higher in vitro protein digestibility than those of the raw grains used for preparing mixtures. Both the mixtures were acceptable to trained panelists and children.     

交变磁选-化学浸泡方法处理硫铁矿烧渣

针对一种贫铁复杂类型的硫铁矿烧渣,采用交变磁选－化学浸泡方法处理,获得铁质量分数达６１．４％、铁回收率达５８．４％、具有较低杂质含量的精矿,可以用于高炉炼铁掺烧原料,分选后的尾矿可作为水泥配料,同时回收Ｚｎ,Ｐｂ等有价元素。     

膨润土高温焙烧活化改性实验研究

将优质煤粉与膨润土混合挤压成型后高温焙烧,探讨了高温焙烧对活化改性的影响因素,确定了最佳焙烧的工艺条件。用加煤粉活化改性后的膨润土对印染废水处理,结果表明脱色效果明显优于直接焙烧改性的膨润土。