机制扁形名优茶加工工艺流程试验初报

机制扁形名优茶加工新工艺在现行工艺（鲜叶－摊放－杀青－摊凉－辉锅）的基础上,增加了滚筒杀青和理条工序,针对其摊放、滚筒杀青、理条、做形、辉干等工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明,鲜叶摊放4～8h后,在270℃下杀青1min,摊放凉0.5～1h,再在200℃下理条2.5～3.0min,摊凉0.5～1.0h,然后以190℃做形后摊凉2.0～3.0h,最后在160℃下辉干,以此工艺加工的扁形名优茶品质较现行工艺加工的好。     

大佛龙井茶规范化加工技术研究试验初报

采用单因素试验探寻不同摊青、青锅、辉锅工艺处理对大佛龙井茶成品茶的品质影响,以筛选各工序中最佳的工艺方法。试验表明,摊青方式对茶叶品质影响较为明显,以自然摊放的青锅叶品质最优,摊青效率以摊青槽间隙鼓热风效率最高;投叶量对青锅时间和品质影响较大,以投叶量150 g的处理青锅叶品质最优,生产中应尽量延长青锅的时间;5种辉锅方式中以理条机理条加滚筒炒制的处理品质最优。     

机制龙井茶摊凉与辉锅工艺研究初报

在机制龙井茶加工过程中,采用青锅叶摊凉０．５～１．０ｈ后一次性辉锅较为合理,它比摊青叶—炒到底和分二次辉锅更有利于品质的形成。对机制龙井茶辉锅的投叶量和温度的正交试验和统计分析,结果表明：１５０～２００ｇ／槽的投叶量和１２０～１４０℃的温度,有利于龙井茶品质的形成。对比试验结果表明,辉锅时机器的转速以开始时１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、后来逐渐减速到１１０ｒ／ｍｉｎ的方式有利于龙井茶品质的形成。辉锅加压以加压棒直径３ｃｍ为宜,采取先重棒（４００ｇ／根）后轻棒（２５０ｇ／根）的加压方式有利于龙井茶品质的形成。     

电脑控制型龙井茶炒制机的研究

电脑控制型龙井茶炒制机由电脑控制器、多功能机和执行机构组成。将优化的龙井茶加工工艺参数贮存在控制器的芯片中,计算机对龙井茶加工过程的温度、时间、转速以及加压、停机等动作进行自动控制,实现了龙井茶青锅和辉锅的自动化加工。控制器贮存有12条龙井茶加工程序,供不同环境、不同鲜叶原料条件下选用。用电脑控制型龙井茶炒制机加工的龙井茶品质超过或接近手工炒制的茶样。从而解决了龙井茶生产依赖炒制工人的技术这一问题,同时提高了名优茶加工的自动化水平。     

连续型多功能茶炒制机的研制及全程工艺研究

连续型多功能茶炒制机由温度测控模块、压力测控模块、自动转锅装置和三口锅及压块等机械装置四部分组成。对该系统应用于扁平类茶的加工工艺进行了试验,通过比较各道工序各茶样的感官品质,获得了各工艺参数的大致范围,并采用正交试验法重点研究了对成品的色泽和香气影响较大的青锅工艺,研究结果表明：连续型多功能机炒制的龙井茶品质接近手工炒制的茶样,是一种加工效率高、发展潜力大的茶炒制机。     

高档龙井茶手工炒制工艺参数的探索

历史上龙井茶的生产仅限于浙江省杭州市西湖区部分地域的茶区，由于制作工艺精湛，茶叶具有色、香、味、形回绝的美誉，为历史名茶。随着市场经济的迅猛发展，名优茶的需求不断增长，龙井茶的制作技术迅速在广大茶区推广，至目前为止，类似于龙井荣的扁形名优茶几乎遍及全国茶区。龙井茶毛茶的加工工艺为：摊青、青锅、回潮、辉锅四个过程，其摊青和回潮是预处理和中间处理工序，技术难度不大，较容易掌握。而青锅和辉锅两个过程是炒制龙井茶的关键工艺，是热加工过程，其间有１０多种炒制手法与之配合。在这两个过程中既要控制加热的温度和…     

基于机采鲜叶加工扁形绿茶关键技术研究

依据机械化采摘茶鲜叶原料的特殊性及扁形绿茶加工特点,选用鲜叶分级设备、摊青设备、理条杀青机、切断机、扁形茶炒茶机等多种国产茶机,初步构建机采鲜叶加工扁形绿茶连续化生产新模式,并对生产工艺中的鲜叶分级、理条杀青、切断和辉锅等关键工艺参数进行研究,提出一整套机采鲜叶加工扁形绿茶连续化生产工艺技术。     

扁形茶炒制机的选购、操作与保养

扁形茶炒制机(龙井茶机)是按照扁形茶手工炒制工艺要求生产的,集手工炒制工艺杀青、理条(压扁)、辉干为一体的多功能茶叶加工机械,以其生产效率高、加工质量稳定等优点赢得了广大茶农的青睐和好评。扁形茶炒制机在全国特别是浙江、江苏、江西、福建等省区广泛推广和应用,极大地推动了当地名茶生产机械化,促进了茶叶产业的优化升级。     

小乔木型中叶类茶树品种的扁形绿茶加工工艺研究

为了提高小乔木型中叶类茶树品种的扁形绿茶的品质水平,以摊放程度、青锅方式、辉锅方式为因素,进行三因素二水平L4(23)正交试验,选用两种高香品种黄棪和梅占,对生化成分、滋味化学鉴定、茶汤色度值和感官品质等品质化学指标进行分析比较.结果表明:(1)品种不同对扁形绿茶品质化学特征有影响；(2)T2处理(减重率10％～15％→微波杀青后多功能机整形→多功能机辉锅)为最优工艺,可实现扁形绿茶全程机制,生产效率高、容易稳定品质,在提高茶汤亮度和提升叶底品质上有突出优势,并能够形成品种独特的品质特色(黄棪表现为汤色嫩绿明亮,带花香;梅占表现为香气高长、滋味浓爽鲜嫩).     

几种信阳毛尖茶小型炒制机械性能分析

信阳毛尖茶属特种绿茶,被誉为全国"十大名茶"之一.外形光、圆、紧、直,形如松针,内质具有独特的板栗香气.传统的炒制工艺为生锅-熟锅-烘干.生锅主要完成杀青和茶叶初步成条,杀青是用重约1.5kg的特制茶把,通过抖散、揉捻、吞吐推作、赶条等多种手法使茶叶形成紧细的松针形.手工杀青,劳动强度大,效率低,影响了茶农的生产积极性,造成茶农仅生产春茶,而放弃夏秋茶的生产.实现信阳毛尖机械化加工是信阳地区茶叶加工的必由之路和发展方向,其重点是解决生锅不脱离传统方式的茶把杀青、揉捻,实现机械化或半机械化生产,而熟锅的理条仍沿袭传统的手工制作方式.信阳作为一个老茶区,曾就机械化加工信阳毛尖进行了积极的探索,出现了几种小型炒制机械.本文通过对茶区民间几种小型机械的应用状况进行调查,分析利弊,希望专业茶机厂从中借鉴,以便开发和设计出更多、更实用的特种名茶小型机械,实现信阳毛尖茶的机械化加工和规模化生产.     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

炒青绿茶热解吸特性

对炒青绿茶杀青和炒干过程的热特性进行了跟踪测量。结果表明，杀青过程的热解吸具有等速特性；炒干过程的热解吸则呈现恒率失水和降率失水的双重特性。鲜叶的嫩度不同，其热解吸特性也不尽相同，杀青过程中一级鲜叶的热解吸速率大于三级叶，一级和三级鲜叶杀青前期（２ｍｉｎ），茶叶吸热量分别占总吸热量的３８％和４２％；炒干过程中，一级原料解吸至１５％含水率左右时，开始降率解吸，而三级原料的降率解吸含水率起始点则要提前至２５％—３０％含水率时。温度和解吸速度对炒青品质的形成起着推动作用，而解吸速率又受环境温度和相对湿度的制约     

Effects of roasting on barley β-glucan,thermal, textural and pasting properties

Different hulled barley cultivars were subjected to roasting in hot sand (280 °C) and the effects on β-glucan extractability, physico-chemical, thermal and pasting properties were studied. The grain puffed upon roasting and grain hardness and colour difference ΔE were significantly lowered. The roasted barley flour had significantly higher water absorption and water solubility index. The cultivars DWR-28, RD-2503 and PL-172 had the highest total β-glucan content (up to 5.47%). Roasting brought about a decrease in the soluble β-glucan content in all the cultivars and this decrease ranged from 4.9 to 25.3%. The β-glucan extractability was not affected by the roasting process but roasting lowered the ratio of soluble to insoluble β-glucan content by 8.1–41.9%. Roasting significantly affected the pasting and thermal properties of the flours, together with an increase in the cooked starch content that ranged from 28.8 to 43.1%.     

烘焙速度对兴隆咖啡豆挥发性成分的影响

以海南兴隆地区咖啡豆（Coffea robusta）为研究对象,研究不同烘焙方式（即快速烘焙、中速烘焙以及慢速烘焙）对咖啡豆理化性质和挥发性成分的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）鉴定3种烘焙速度下产生的挥发性成分,再以电子鼻技术和主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）法进一步分析不同烘焙豆样品整体风味的差异。结果表明,3种烘焙方式下共鉴定出92种挥发性成分,其中快速、中速和慢速烘焙豆中分别鉴定出82、72、76种;烘焙豆样品间挥发性成分含量相差较大,在中速烘焙豆中检测出最高的挥发性成分总含量（1080.51 μg/g）;电子鼻检测发现不同烘焙方式咖啡豆挥发性成分存在差异,PCA结果显示三者差异明显,其中中速和慢速烘焙样品的挥发性成分有部分重叠现象,二者与快速烘焙样品差别较大。本研究可为咖啡烘焙工艺改进及品质提升提供参考。     

基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机的优化设计

文中设计了一种基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机,为了提高机器的运动平顺性及降低噪音,对双锅曲毫机的曲柄摇杆机构的关键参数进行了优化设计,以其最小传动角最大化为目标函数,建立了双锅曲毫机的优化设计数学模型,运用Matlab编制了基于蚁群算法的双锅曲毫机优化设计程序,并运用此程序进行了优化计算及验证试验。优化结果表明,曲柄长度200 mm,连杆长度333 mm,摇杆长度310 mm,机架杆长度为320 mm,最小传动角由14.6o增加到21.1o,噪音由75 dB减小到70 dB,珠茶成型率由84%增加到92%,碎茶率由8.6%下降到7.2%。该研究为提高双锅曲毫机的工作性能提供了理论依据。     

海南兴隆地区烘焙咖啡豆的挥发性成分研究

以海南兴隆地区的咖啡豆为试材,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-MS)结合电子鼻对不同烘焙度(浅度、中度、深度)下的咖啡挥发性化合物进行检测。结果表明:烘焙咖啡中共检测出123种化合物,浅度豆检测出90种化合物,主要为酸类和吡嗪类,中度豆检测出103种化合物,主要为酮类、呋喃类、吡嗪类和吡咯类,深度豆检测出118种化合物,主要为呋喃类、吡啶类和酚类;电子鼻传感器可有效分析咖啡挥发性成分变化(除传感器LY2/g CT外),主成分分析(PCA)可有效区分不同烘焙度的咖啡香气。随着烘焙程度加深,咖啡中吡咯类、吡啶类、含硫化合物等挥发性化合物种类和相对含量逐渐增加,吡嗪类和酸类逐渐减少,呋喃类和酮类先增加后减少,进而改变咖啡的特征性香气。HS-SPME/GC-MS与电子鼻技术结合可根据挥发性物质的差异为判断指标,以较好的区分海南兴隆地区不同烘焙度咖啡,为海南兴隆咖啡的烘焙加工提供理论借鉴。     

Effect of processing on the nutritive value of Canavalia Jackbeans (Canavalia ensiformis (L))

A comparative study of roasting, cooking with and without calcium hydroxide and extrusion cooking on the protein quality of Canavalia was conducted. The results suggested both extrusion and pressure cooking with lime to be equally effective in improving the protein quality of Canavalia and superior to pressure cooking alone and roasting, the latter effective possibly in destroying the antiphysiological factors in Canavalia but possibly also damaging its protein quality.The individual effects of roasting, cooking with different levels of calcium hydroxide, and with water under pressure at different times on the protein quality of Canavalia were also studied. These indicated a beneficial effect of calcium hydroxide added at a level of 0.45% by weight of seed, for 30 minutes under pressure. Cooking in water under pressure for 30 minutes with and without lime added was slightly better than cooking for longer periods of time. Roasting was also effective in improving the quality of Canavalia particularly when the T was adjusted at 170°C, and roasting conducted for 15 minutes. A significant improvement in the protein quality of processed Canavalia was obtained by methionine supplementation.     

双锅曲毫炒干机加工绿茶技术

传统方法用八角辉干机或瓶式炒干机加工出的绿茶一般条索不紧、颜色欠翠绿。本文围绕提高绿茶品质这一中心议题，对双锅曲毫炒干机加工绿茶工艺进行了探讨，并对这一加工工艺进行详细的介绍。     

Rice Protein Aggregation During the Flaking Process

The effect of roasting of soaked paddy rice and its subsequent flaking during production of rice flakes on solubility of rice proteins in various solvents was investigated. The solvents were so chosen to provide an understanding of the type of protein–protein interactions occurring during processing. There was an increase in protein solubility upon roasting of soaked paddy in fine hot sand (175–250°C) – a prelude to the flaking process – however, after subsequent flaking solubility decreased. Gel filtration studies indicated that aggregates with molecular weights greater than 4×10⁷kDa formed during flaking as a result of disulphide bonding. The aggregates were composed of 68, 31–34 and 24 kDa proteins. Of these, the 31–34 kDa proteins were identified as «putative prolamins». These proteins require detergent for their initial solubilisation. The prolamins of 13–16 kDa were not involved in the formation of aggregates. Their solubility decreased after flaking. The higher molecular weight proteins involved in aggregate formation were susceptible to proteolysis, whereas the 13 kDa prolamin was resistant.