脂肪酸酯化合物对西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

采用基质培养法,研究不同浓度(0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、4.00 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)对‘早佳84–24’西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:0.10 mmol/L DOP和0.05mmol/L DIBP对西瓜幼苗生长的促进作用最强;在DOP和DIBP处理后5 d和10 d,西瓜幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着处理浓度的增加均增大,到处理后15 d,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降,MDA含量急剧升高;DOP、DIBP处理西瓜幼苗中脯氨酸含量分别在15 d和10 d后比对照显著增大,说明DOP和DIBP对西瓜的化感作用与作用时间及浓度有关,浓度越大、作用时间越长,对植株的化感抑制作用越强。     

Impact of sublethal di‐n‐butyl phthalate on the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): histopathology and oxidative stress assessment

Phthalates such as di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) and their esters are widely used plasticizers, their ubiquitous presence in daily life, inevitably leads to their restricted use due to important environmental pollution and health impacts and endocrine disruption potential. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a sublethal concentration of 10 mg L^?1 DBP on haematocrit (HCT) values, gills and liver histology, malondialdehyde (MDA, 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐TBA reactivity) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in gills and liver tissue as oxidative stress biomarkers in the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 24 (DBP‐24) and 96 (DBP‐96) h exposure. No differences were found between per cent HCT values in the 24 h exposure groups (P > 0.05). Response of antioxidant defence systems in liver and gill tissues of the fish were dependent on exposure duration and changed to a higher extent during 96 h. MDA levels in liver tissue increased in DBP treated fish in comparison to the control fish. However, the differences between the exposure and control groups were not significant (P > 0.05). A statistically significant decrease (P > 0.05) was recorded in gill MDA levels in the DBP‐96 group when compared to the control and DBP‐24 groups. The liver GSH levels were unchanged in the DBP treated fish. However, GSH levels were significantly lower in the gill tissue of the DBP‐96 group. Exposure to DBP caused several degenerative changes in the histology of gill and liver tissue. Gills displayed hyperaemia, epithelial lifting, oedema, talengiectasia, epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, whereas in liver several circulatory anomalies (hyperaemia, blood congestion and sinosoid dilatation) and vacuolization of hepatocytes were observed. Histopathological results demonstrated that the gills were more affected than the liver perhaps due to their direct contact with DBP.     

活性污泥降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的研究

用液质联用测定了活性污泥对7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的降解能力。结果显示，PAEs的降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述，随着分子量和初始质量浓度的增加，其降解速率常数减小，活性污泥对混合体系PAEs的降解能力优于降解单一种类PAEs，温度和pH能直接影响降解性能，其最优水平组合为温度36，7℃，pH7．6。     

南疆棉花转产区土壤和农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染分析和评价

为评估棉花转产地区农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)风险,在新疆传统棉花种植区域(阿克苏市、沙雅县、新和县和库车县),采集94对农产品-土壤样品,40个农田地膜残留样品,进行17种PAEs含量水平分析和来源解析。结果表明,阿克苏地区土壤样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～1 622μg·kg~(-1),平均含量180.2μg·kg~(-1),检出率95.7%,阿克苏地区农产品样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～2430.1μg·kg~(-1),平均含量190.6μg·kg~(-1),检出率93.6%。阿克苏地区残膜量0.1～42.1 kg·hm~(-2),残膜膜厚5.6～6.85μm,破碎度6.4～30.3 mg·块~(-1)。相关性分析结果表明新疆阿克苏地区农产品ΣPAEs与土壤ΣPAEs呈正相关(R=0.529,P0.01),土壤、蔬果中的ΣPAEs和棉花种植时间上未发现相关性(P0.05),土壤ΣPAEs和农膜残留量呈正相关(R=0.767,P=0.044),和破碎度(R=0.778,P0.01)及农膜厚度(R=0.786,P=0.021)呈负相关,提示南疆棉花转产区PAEs污染关键控制点是降低农田残膜量。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯（ＤＥＨＰ）胁迫下红鳍笛鲷不同组织生化指标的变化

以红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus)幼鱼为实验生物,根据急性毒性实验结果(96 h LC50为10.73mg·L-1)设置邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)的浓度为0.12、0.60、3.00mg·L-1(以丙酮为对照).在实验进行6、12、24、48 h和96h时,分别检测肝脏和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及脑组织乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)活性.结果表明,肝脏组织中的SOD反应灵敏且活性明显被诱导.低剂量组(0.12、0.60mg·L-1)SOD活性受到的诱导效应较高剂量组(3.00mg·L-1)更明显;与对照组比较,肝组织中MDA含量在DEHP曝露的12 h显著性升高,但48 h的MDA含量显著性降低(P<0.01),随曝露时间呈波动变化.鳃组织中的SOD活性明显低于肝脏组织,整个过程中表现为先升高后降低的变化规律,其中高剂量组(3.00 mg·L-1)受到的诱导最明显;与对照组比较,MDA含量12 h后即显著升高(P<0.01),随后MDA含量开始下降并围绕对照组水平上下波动.各剂量组脑组织AChE活性仅在6 h受到抑制,此后受到明显的诱导作用酶活性升高,24 h达到最大值,并显著高于对照组(P<0.01),但96 h后恢复到对照组水平,呈明显的时间-效应关系.以上结果显示,DEHP对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼组织酶活在实验浓度下影响显著,对水生生物存在危害,应对其生态风险加以关注.     

HPMCP微胶囊蛋白质包裹量的测定方法

本文采用复相乳液法制备HPMCP的BSA微胶囊,研究常用蛋白质定量方法考马斯亮蓝染色法、福林-酚法、紫外吸收法对测定HPMCP微胶囊蛋白包裹量受壁材、乳化剂、亲水性保护胶体的影响。结果得到制备的微胶囊呈圆形或椭圆形,没有粘结在一起的现象,三种方法中福林-酚法影响程度最小,适合测定HPMCP蛋白微胶囊的包裹量。     

不同食品模拟物对塑料中酞酸酯溶出效果研究

[目的]通过食品模拟物中酞酸酯类溶出情况的研究,了解塑料包装材料中此类物质可能在食品中的迁移行为。[方法]以正己烷、10%乙醇、3%乙酸和水为模拟物,对自制混炼而成的PVC薄膜中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的溶出随时间和温度的变化规律进行研究,同时研究了微波处理条件下,3%乙酸和水中DBP及DEHP溶出情况。[结果]DBP和DEHP在正己烷中最易溶出,最大溶出率可达3.86%和2.28%;其次是10%乙醇、3%乙酸,2种溶液中均只溶出DBP,而在选定条件下的水中均未检出DBP和DEHP。[结论]长时间低温浸泡与短时间高温浸泡可取得同样的溶出效应,微波处理比单独加热更能促进DBP溶出。     

DEHP胁迫对高/低累积邻苯二甲酸酯品种水稻抗氧化酶系统的影响

以前期筛选获得的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)高/低累积基因型水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(培杂泰丰/丰优丝苗)进行土培试验,对比研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)污染胁迫下2个品种水稻体内过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,以揭示DEHP胁迫下2个品种的生理生化和DEHP累积差异。结果显示,2个品种水稻体内DEHP含量随土壤污染浓度增加而增加,但生物量下降,而且培杂泰丰地上部的生物量敏感性响应指数和DEHP含量比丰优丝苗的高,说明前者对DEHP的耐受性更强。2个品种水稻体内丙二醛含量基本保持不变,但过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性则随土壤DEHP浓度的增加而升高,说明水稻可能通过提高过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性以降低DEHP胁迫。丰优丝苗的多酚氧化酶活性较培杂泰丰的高,可能影响到DEHP在水稻体内降解进而导致前者体内DEHP含量较低。     

Effect of a Large Dose of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on Hepatic Peroxisome in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis)

To elucidate the effect of a large dose of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, on hepatic peroxisomes, we orally administered 1,000 mg/kg/day, once daily, to 3 male and 4 female cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days consecutively. Light-microscopic and electron microscopic examinations of the liver were carried out in conjunction with measurement of the hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation system (FAOS), carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activities, which are peroxisomal and/or mitochondrial enzyme activities. Electron microscopically, enlargement of the mitochondria was observed with lamellar orientation of the cristae along the major axis. Although the number of peroxisomes showed a tendency to increase when compared with those in a biopsied specimen before treatment, no abnormality in morphology was observed. A slight increase in CPT activity was noted at termination. No changes were noted in hepatic FAOS or CAT activity. In conclusion, although repeated oral treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with a large dose of DEHP induced a subtle increase in the numbers of peroxisomes with slight enlargements of the mitochondria, this low-sensitivity response to peroxisome proliferators in cynomolgus monkeys was considered to be closer to the response in humans than that in rodents.     

Effects of Dibutyl phthalate and phthalic acid on chlorosis recovery in iron‐deficiency stressed sorghum cultivars

The effects of DBP (Dibutyl phthalate) and PA (Phthalic acid) supplied to the nutrient medium of Fe‐deficiency stressed sorghum cultivars, CSH‐5, 2077‐A, and CS‐3541 were examined. It was found that both the chemicals (50 mg/1) caused recovery of the cultivars CSH‐5 and 2077‐A in 4 days of treatment. Furthermore, the growth of roots, especially the adventitious roots, was increased by the chemicals.