Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

Physicochemical characterization and in-vitro digestibility of extruded rice noodles with different amylose contents based on rheological approaches

The physicochemical properties and in-vitro digestibility of extruded rice noodles with different amylose contents were characterized from a rheological point of view. Thermo-mechanical measurements showed that the rice flour with higher amylose contents exhibited greater stability to dual-mixing and higher degrees of starch gelatinization and retrogradation. In addition, greater elastic properties were clearly observed in the high amylose rice samples. The use of high amylose rice flour produced noodles with a harder texture, consequently contributing to reduced cooking loss. Furthermore, the rheological changes of extruded rice noodles were monitored in real time during the in-vitro starch digestion. The rice noodle digesta with higher amylose contents exhibited greater viscosities throughout the simulated oral-gastric-intestinal digestion steps. The flow behaviors of the rice noodle digesta consisted of the Power-law region and infinite shear plateau that were satisfactorily characterized by the Sisko model (R² > 0.99).     

酸改性麦麸挂面配方的研究

为改善挂面制品的营养保健功能,研发谷物加工副产物的深加工产品,将经过超声波-酸解法改性处理后的麦麸粉添加到面粉中用于制作酸改性麦麸挂面。通过单因素试验及正交试验优化确定酸改性麦麸挂面的最优配方。结果表明,在面粉100 g的基础上,酸改性麦麸粉添加量为6%（相当于面粉质量的百分比）、水添加量为56%、食盐添加量为3.5%、食碱添加量为0.4%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量为0.4%,此条件下制得的挂面品质良好,且外观、适口性较好。     

鱼胶风味挂面加工工艺的研究

研究了以鱼鳞、鱼皮及鱼鳍为原料进行预处理,提取其营养成分,然后添加到挂面中,做成一款独特的鱼胶风味挂面的加工工艺。同时对鱼胶的提取、除腥及调味进行了较深的探讨,结果显示,鱼胶挂面的光滑度及弹韧性均比一般产品更好,其口感及理化指标均达花色挂面国家标准。     

亚麻籽胶对面团流变性质的影响及其在面条加工中的应用

该文重点研究了添加亚麻籽胶对面粉的粉质特性、面团的流变性质以及面条品质的影响。粉质特性的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面团的吸水率增加，面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长，弱化度降低，使面团的稳定性更好。动态流变性质和超微结构的显微观察表明，添加亚麻籽胶后，亚麻籽胶的网络结构加固了面筋蛋白的网络结构，因而面团的稳定时间和粘弹性均能提高。质构分析的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面条烹煮后的硬度和咀嚼度提高，并具有较好的弹性和拉伸性能，面条的烹煮损失和面汤浊度降低，因而亚麻籽胶可用于面制品中以改善其食用品质。     

基于低场核磁和差示量热扫描的面条面团水分状态研究

为了解低水分面条面团中水分的存在状态,明确真空度及和面时间对水分状态的影响,该研究以3个小麦品种（济麦20、宁春4号、济麦22）磨制的面粉为材料,采用真空和面制作低水分面条面团（含水率35%）,采用低场核磁共振技术（LF-NMR,low-field nuclear magnetic resonance）和差示量热扫描（DSC,differential scanning calorimetry）2种技术,测定不同真空度（0、0.06、0.09 MPa）和搅拌时间（4、8、12 min）下面团中水分的形态和分布,并进一步分析2种技术测定水分形态结果的相关性。结果表明,在低水分面条面团中,水分主要以弱结合水形态存在。不同品种的小麦粉面团的水分形态及分布存在差异,强筋小麦粉（济麦20）制作面团的水分自由度较低。真空和面（0.06 MPa）可以促进水分与面筋蛋白的相互作用,降低面团中水分子流动性,促进水分结构化;而非真空或过高真空度均会导致面团中水分自由度增加。济麦20、济麦22小麦粉和面时间为8 min时,面团水分流动性较低;而宁春4号小麦粉面团在4 min时,水分自由度较低;继续搅拌,深层结合水减少、弱结合水增多。LF-NMR和DSC测得面团水分状态的结果具有一致性。LF-NMR测得的弱结合水峰面积百分比与DSC测得的可冻结水百分比具有相同的变化趋势（r=0.695）,且深层结合水峰面积百分比与非冻结水百分比具有相同的变化趋势（r=0.564）。研究结果为认识制面过程中水分的作用,优化和面工艺和调整产品特性提供参考。     

关于拉面品质的小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基评分系统研究

【目的】研究有关拉面品质的小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)评分系统，提高优质拉面用小麦品种的选育效率。【方法】选用100个春小麦品种，分别测定其HMW-GS以及拉面色泽、表观状态、适口性、韧性、粘性、光滑性、食味和总评分等8项拉面评分指标，并通过数量化理论及统计学鉴评方法，研究HMW-GS与拉面评分指标的关系。【结果】亚基1、2*、N、7、7+8、17+18、22、2+10、2+11、2+12、5+10、10的拉面品质总评分分别为5.40、5.35、0、2.55、2.56、9.19、0.05、0.15、1.49、1.14、10.00、5.14。针对拉面评分指标与HMW-GS得到的评分系统包含8个多元线性回归方程（R2＞0.98）。利用HMW-GS组成，能够对8个拉面评分指标进行准确预测。【结论】经综合评价，认为优质拉面小麦理想的亚基组合应为1、17+18、5+10组合或2*、17+18、5+10组合，在拉面小麦品种选育中可做为早代选择的依据；2+10、2+11和2+12亚基对拉面品质的作用普遍较低，为劣质亚基，在拉面小麦品种选育中应尽量避免出现这些亚基。     

四个四川主推小麦品种的鲜白盐面条品质指标分析

本试验选用4个四川主推小麦品种(川育12、绵阳26、川麦107、川麦36)作为研究对象,分别分析了它们的籽粒品质、面团特性和对白盐鲜面条进行感观评价,研究结果为川育12的面条颜色最佳,颜色稳定性也最好,川麦107面条光滑度最佳,川麦36硬度最大,绵阳26的硬度和弹性都优于其它3个,且面条结构评价总分最高。     

菠菜挂面护绿工艺研究

以小麦面粉为主料、菠菜为辅料 ,食盐、碳酸钠、醋酸锌为添加剂 ,研究生产品质良好的菠菜挂面的最佳工艺。结果表明 :最佳的工艺参数为 ,菠菜为面粉质量的 30 % ,食盐为面粉的 2 .0 % ,碳酸钠为菠菜的 0 .2 % ,醋酸锌为菠菜的 0 .0 2 %。     

Effects of superfine grinding on the quality characteristics of whole-wheat flour and its raw noodle product

Four particle size distributions of whole-wheat flour (WWF) with mean particle sizes (MZ) of 125-μm, 96-μm, 72-μm, and 43-μm were obtained by superfine grinding. Starch damage and Farinograph water absorption were significantly affected by the reduction of particle size, while dough development time, stability, tolerance index and time to breakdown of WWF were little changed. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of WWF significantly decreased as particle size reduced. Although finer WWFs produced by superfine grinding caused more discoloration of whole-wheat noodle (WWN) after 24 h storage, they still showed brighter noodle appearance (higher L^∗) than coarser WWFs. A significant increase in the cooking yield of WWN was noticed from the 125-μm WWF group to the 43-μm group, perhaps due to increasing damaged starch, while the 72-μm group exhibited the smallest cooking loss of WWN. Additionally, the hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience values of texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked WWN significantly increased from the 125-μm group to the 72-μm group, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the 72-μm group revealed the largest coverage of starch granules and degree of protein network connectivity among the WWF groups. The results demonstrated that the superfine grinding technique could improve the quality of WWN by significantly reducing the particle size of WWFs.