Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

镍基和均相酸催化废弃木质素的溶剂热降解

采用热化学方法降解木质素生成单体和低聚体产物。通过改变溶剂和使用均相酸、镍基催化剂,促进木质素热降解,提高油收率,改善油品质。结果表明:在密封条件下,250℃反应1 h甲醇和水协同促进了木质素降解。水/甲醇/甲酸溶剂中反应的残渣率降低至14.9%,油收率提高至44.1%。添加均相酸HCl、H3PO4和非均相催化剂Ni、Ni/Si O2-Al2O3,促进了原料裂解,抑制了产物缩合,反应生成单体、二聚体为主的油产物。Ni/Si O2-Al2O3催化促进了不饱和脂肪烃的重整和含氧官能团的减少,油收率显著下降。Ni催化则能够同时获得更好的油品质和较高的油收率(41.7%)。     

甲醛交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇-尿素薄膜氮元素缓释性能研究

采用交联法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇-尿素-甲醛(AL-PVA-U-F)交联薄膜,分析碱木质素(AL)和交联剂甲醛(F)的加入量对氮元素缓释的影响,研究薄膜对氮元素的缓释机理,并采用XRD和FT-IR-ATR方法分析薄膜的结晶度和化学结构,结果显示碱木质素的加入可降低薄膜中氮元素的缓释速率,使氮元素达到释放平衡的时间增大,碱木质素和聚乙烯醇质量比5∶5时复合薄膜192 h时达到释放平衡,释放平衡时间最长,氮元素累积释放率最大为77.73%。加入适量的甲醛交联剂使碱木质素、聚乙烯醇、尿素、甲醛之间发生化学反应,线性和网状结构交互从而使薄膜中氮元素缓释减慢。与共混薄膜(ALPVA-U)相比,甲醛的交联作用使薄膜的结晶度降低。薄膜的氮元素累积释放率曲线呈"S"型趋势,Ritger-Peppas模型和2次多项式模型拟合较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.976 3和0.950 9,Ritger-Peppas模型中n为0.816 7,说明氮元素释放规律是扩散和溶蚀综合作用的结果。     

木聚糖对生物质组分水热碳化特性的影响研究

为了研究木聚糖的水热碳化特性,在间歇式反应釜中,进行反应温度为160~240℃、停留时间为120 min条件下的水热碳化实验研究,同时在220℃、120 min的反应条件下,考察了木聚糖对纤维素和木质素水热碳化过程的影响。研究发现,200℃时,木聚糖水热焦开始出现,随反应温度的升高,木聚糖水热焦产率逐渐增加,至240℃时,产率达13%;以小麦秸秆中半纤维素与纤维素和木质素混合水热碳化,木聚糖对纤维素水热焦产率影响不大,而碳质量分数从纯纤维素水热焦的42%增加至纤维素和木聚糖混合物水热焦的48%,与纯木质素水热焦相比,木聚糖和木质素混合物水热焦产率减少了23个百分点,碳质量分数变化不大;木聚糖水热焦中特征官能团随温度升高而减少,而CC、CO和芳香特征峰红外吸收逐渐增强,同时热重分析表明木聚糖水热焦热稳定性较好。傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射分析及热重分析表明,在水热碳化过程中,木聚糖可以促进纤维素和木质素分子结构的断裂、聚合和芳香化反应,提高水热焦的芳香特性。     

Effect of environmental C/N ratio on activities of lignin-degrading enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Lignin-degrading enzymes secreted by white rot fungi play an important role in the degradation of lignin and persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,effect of environmental C/N ratio on the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes,lignin peroxide(Li P)and manganese peroxidase(Mn P),produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium,a white rot fungus,was investigated.Glucose was used as C source,and ammonium tartrate of different concentrations was used as N source to provide different C/N ratios.Relationships between Li P and Mn P activities and environmental C/N ratio were explored.The results showed that the higher the N source concentration,the faster the mycelium pellets aged.The faster the mycelium dry weight increased,the higher the Li P and Mn P activities.A high C/N ratio was a necessary condition for the secretion of Li P or Mn P.In addition,mycelium dry weight essentially affected enzyme activities.In the 122 C/N ratio and 50 C/N ratio treatments,mycelium dry weight essentially affected Mn P activity and both Li P and Mn P activities,respectively.     

木质素在异丙醇中的降解研究

采用正交试验法对有机溶剂木质素在异丙醇中的降解进行了研究,得出木质素在异丙醇中降解的较优水平为:催化剂Ru/C用量0.20 g、温度280℃、压力2.5 MPa、时间8 h。在该条件下,降解产物中生物油的产率最高可达74.13%,生物油中酚类和醇、酮以及烃类的GC含量总和接近60%。木质素原料和生物油的元素分析说明解聚过程中发生了脱氧;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明木质素的解聚过程中有酚羟基、烷基等新的结构基团产生。     

Cross‐linked polyacrylates in post‐mining substrates: persistence and effects on plant growth

Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition.     

Formation and chemical structures of acid-soluble lignin I: sulfuric acid treatment time and acid-soluble lignin content of hardwood

To elucidate the formation mechanism of acidsoluble lignin (ASL) formed in the Klason lignin determination, beech wood meals were treated with sulfuric acid (SA) under various conditions, and the ASL solution was extracted with CHC1₃. The results indicated the following: (1) wood components yielding ASL are dissolved in 72% SA during the initial stage; (2) the quantity of ASL is highest during the initial stage, then decreases with prolonged time of 72% SA treatment and finally reaches a constant value; (3) soluble lignin prepared by 72% SA treatment and subsequent standing in 3% SA again yield insoluble Klason lignin and ASL after boiling in 3% SA; and (4) about half the amount of ASL is dissolved in CHC1₃. The foregoing suggest that wood components yielding ASL are dissolved in 72% SA at the beginning and finally change to ASL after being subjected to depolymerization, hydrolysis, and other reactions. ASL may thus be composed of low-molecular-weight degradation products and hydrophilic derivatives of lignin.     

Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (I): influence of the pressing temperature condition

Self-bonding is the main factor of the performance expression of binderless boards, and therefore its clarification is considered to be an important issue. For this purpose, a series of chemical analyses were conducted on kenaf core binderless boards and their chemical changes during the hot-pressing process are discussed in this article. First of all, binderless boards were prepared from kenaf core powder at different pressing temperatures (without steam-explosion process) and were used for chemical analyses after they were reduced into powders and extracted with methanol. To investigate their chemical changes, lignin, holocellulose, and neutral sugar contents were determined, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded, and the nitrobenzene oxidation procedure was applied. As a result, it was found that parts of lignin and hemicelullose were decomposed during the hot-pressing process; however, the contribution of the resulting fractions to selfbonding was not observed. In addition, progress of condensation reactions in lignin and the formation of chemical bonds by low molecular weight conjugated carbonyl compounds in methanol extractives were observed. Thermal softening of lignin is also suggested to play an important role in the expression of board performance.     

3种白腐菌木质素降解酶的比较

对3种白腐菌——黄孢原毛平革菌、变色栓菌和木质层孔菌在恒温振荡培养条件下产漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的情况进行比较研究,同时还对此3种菌在培养过程中还原糖的变化作了研究.结果表明:3种白腐菌中变色栓菌产漆酶相对最高,其漆酶酶活最高达到136.5 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;而木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶相对最高,其最高酶活达到880.2 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;同时在培养过程中还原糖含量随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.