饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡生长性能和抗病力的影响

目的研究饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡的生长性能和抗病力的影响。方法选取1日龄三黄鸡5 000羽,随机分为5组,1 000只/组。在饮水中加入乳酸调节饮水pH值,使得A组、B组、C组和D组的饮水pH值分别为2.0、3.0、4.0和5.0,每天试验鸡饮用酸化水4 h,对照组为正常饮水组。测定各组试验鸡体重和采食量,并记录每日病死数,计算平均日增重、饲料转化率和病死率。结果①平均日增重：1~35日龄段,C组试验鸡的平均日增重提高最明显,提高3.33%。36日龄后,仅B组和对照组相同水平,其他组均降低。②采食量和饲料转化率：B组、C组与对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,A组、D组差异不显著（P>0.05）。③病死率：A组、B组、C组、D组比对照组病死率分别减少3.7%、4.2%、4.7%和2.1%。结论在三黄鸡的饲养试验中,乳酸调节饮水pH值为4.0时能有效提高饲料转化率,明显提高1~35日龄段三黄鸡的平均日增重,明显降低三黄鸡的病死率,对于肉鸡促进生长和抗病力具有良好的应用前景。     

凝结芽孢杆菌对热应激肉鸡生长性能及肠道消化与吸收功能的影响

本试验旨在研究凝结芽孢杆菌对热应激肉鸡生长性能及肠道消化与吸收功能的影响。选择320只28日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）肉公鸡,随机分为5个组,每组8个重复,每个重复8只。常温对照组（TC组）肉鸡饲养于（22±1）℃的常温环境,饲喂基础饲粮;热应激组（HS组）肉鸡饲养于（34±1）℃的高温环境,饲喂基础饲粮;热应激试验组肉鸡饲养于（34±1）℃的高温环境,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2×107(HS-BC0.2组)、1.0×107(HS-BC1.0组)、5.0×107CFU/g(HS-BC5.0组)凝结芽孢杆菌的试验饲粮。试验期14 d。结果表明：与TC组相比,HS组的末重、平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）,干物质和粗蛋白质表观代谢率,空肠食糜总淀粉酶和总蛋白酶酶活,空肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度以及空肠钠/葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1(SGLT1)、基础氨基酸转运载体（r-BAT）、y+L氨基酸转运载体-1(y+LAT1) mRNA表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,料重比（F/G）显著增加（P<0.05）。与HS组相比,HS-BC1.0和HS-BC5.0组的ADG、粗蛋...     

Surveillance and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Using Backyard Chickens and Correlation to Human Neuroinvasive Cases

In 2010, a West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic was reported in Central Macedonia, Northern Greece, with 197 neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases in humans. The following 3 years, WNV spreads to new areas of Greece and human cases reoccurred during the transmission periods. After the initial outbreak, a WNV surveillance system using juvenile backyard chickens was established in Central Macedonia (after the 2011 outbreak) and Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (after the 2012 outbreak). Sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against WNV using cELISA and serum neutralization test, to monitor the spread of WNV and to assess the correlation between the WNV point seroprevalence in chickens and the incidence rates of human WNND cases in the aforementioned areas. WNV seroprevalence in chickens was 10.4% (95% CI: 7–15) in Central Macedonia (2011) and 18.1% (95% CI: 14–23) in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (2012). Seroprevalence in chickens and incidence rates of human WNND cases in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.98, P = 0.005) at the regional unit level, with the incidence of WNND in humans increasing with increasing WNV point seroprevalence in chickens. In Central Macedonia, the correlation was weaker (ρ = 0.68, P = 0.20), apparently due to small number of reported human WNND cases. Another study was also conducted using juvenile backyard chickens in Central Macedonia, aiming to detect early WNV enzootic circulation, before the onset of human cases during 2011 and 2013. The first seroconverted chickens were detected about 1.5 months before the laboratory diagnosis of any human WNND cases in Central Macedonia, for both years. WNV surveillance, using juvenile backyard chickens, was reliable for the identification of areas with WNV enzootic and silent transmission, and for early warning. Timely diffusion of information to public health authorities facilitated the successful implementation of preparedness plans to protect public health.     

Distribution and Diversity of Salmonella Strains in Shipments of Hatchling Poultry,United States, 2013

Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been occurring with increasing frequency. In 2013, multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis were traced back to exposure to live poultry, some of which were purchased at a national chain of farm stores (Farm store chain Y). This study was conducted at 36 stores of Farm store chain Y and was concurrent with the timing of exposure for the human outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. We used environmental swabs of arriving shipment boxes of hatchling poultry and shipment tracking information to examine the distribution, diversity and anti‐microbial resistance of non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) across farm stores and hatcheries. Isolates recovered from shipment boxes underwent serotyping, anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) testing and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Postal service tracking codes from the shipment boxes were used to determine the hatchery of origin. The PFGE patterns were compared with the PFGE patterns of NTS causing outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. A total of 219 hatchling boxes from 36 stores in 13 states were swabbed between 15 March 2013 and 18 April 2013. NTS were recovered from 59 (27%) of 219 hatchling boxes. Recovery was not significantly associated with species of hatchlings, number of birds in the shipment box, or the presence of dead, injured or sick birds. Four of the 23 PFGE patterns and 23 of 50 isolates were indistinguishable from strains causing human outbreaks in 2013. For serotypes associated with human illnesses, PFGE patterns most frequently recovered from shipment boxes were also more frequent causes of human illness. Boxes positive for the same PFGE pattern most frequently originated from the same mail‐order hatchery. Only one of 59 isolates was resistant to anti‐microbials used to treat Salmonella infections in people. This study provides critical information to address recurrent human outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with mail‐order hatchling poultry.     

农村养鸡防疫存在问题及对策

科学疫病防控是现代化家禽养殖产业发展中一项重要和不可或缺的工作,是实现鸡养殖产业健康可持续发展的关键所在。由于农村地区的很多养殖户科学疫病防控重视程度不高,在养殖管理过程中并没有构建完善的疫病防控措施,养殖管理方案不当,鸡群处于亚健康状态,身体抵抗能力较差,一旦某些传染性疾病在养殖场中爆发流行,很容易造成严重危害,使大量鸡死亡,给养殖场带来不可挽回的经济损失。该文分析农村养鸡防疫存在的问题,论述具体的解决措施。     

1～28日龄麒麟鸡钙需要量

本试验旨在研究不同饲粮钙水平对麒麟鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、趾骨特性及血清生化指标的影响,以确定麒麟鸡饲粮中钙的适宜水平。选用1日龄麒麟鸡240只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。各组分别饲喂钙水平为0.75%、0.90%、1.05%、1.20%和1.35%(可利用磷水平为0.45%,维生素D3水平为1 250 IU/kg)的玉米-豆粕型试验饲粮,试验期28 d。结果表明:1)饲粮钙水平对麒麟鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量、腿病发生率和死亡率有显著影响(P0.05),但对料重比影响不显著(P0.05),随着饲粮钙水平的提高,平均日增重和平均日采食量呈断线变化(P0.05)。2)饲粮钙水平对麒麟鸡屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率以及胸肌的p H、肉色和滴水损失率没有显著影响(P0.05),但腹脂率随着饲粮钙水平的增加有先升高后降低的变化趋势(P=0.083)。饲粮钙水平对胸肌的剪切力有显著影响(P0.05),且随钙水平的提高呈二次曲线变化(P0.05)。3)饲粮钙水平对麒麟鸡趾骨脱脂干重及趾骨粗灰分、粗灰分钙含量有显著影响(P0.05),且趾骨粗灰分和粗灰分钙含量随着饲粮钙水平的提高呈二次曲线和断线变化(P0.05)。4)饲粮钙水平对血清碱性磷酸酶活性影响不显著(P0.05),但显著影响麒麟鸡血清钙、磷含量(P0.05),随着饲粮钙水平的提高,血清磷含量呈断线变化(P0.05)。综上所述,平均日增重、平均日采食量、胸肌剪切力、趾骨粗灰分和粗灰分钙含量、血清磷含量可敏感反映麒麟鸡体内钙的营养状况,综合以上敏感指标得出1~28日龄麒麟鸡饲粮中钙需要量为1.20%。     

赭曲霉毒素A对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展

霉菌毒素污染是影响动物饲料安全的重要因素。赭曲霉毒素A（ochratoxin A,OTA）广泛存在于肉鸡饲料原料中。众多研究表明,OTA对肉鸡具有肾毒性、肝毒性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性、致畸性、免疫毒性和肠道毒性等,给肉鸡养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,也对动物和人类的健康造成威胁。对国内外OTA研究进展进行总结归纳,从诱导机体产生肠毒性、肝毒性、肾毒性和免疫毒性四方面阐述OTA对肉鸡的致毒机制,为深入研究OTA提供参考。