苗后除草剂喷施时期对杂草防治及冬油菜产量和品质的影响

为了探究苗后除草剂不同施用时期对北方冬油菜田间杂草的防控效果及其对冬油菜生长、产量和品质的影响,以当地主栽甘蓝型冬油菜天油2266和白菜型冬油菜天油H614为试验材料,选用对冬油菜安全的苗后除草剂高效氟吡甲禾灵,设置4个喷施时期处理,于2018-2019年开展大田试验。结果表明,越冬后不同时期喷施苗后除草剂,甘蓝型冬油菜田间杂草总数较对照减少57.54%~92.56%,杂草总鲜重较对照降低75.40%~97.48%,第2时期（3月25日）处理产量较对照增加354.50kg/hm²;白菜型冬油菜田间杂草株防效和鲜重防效分别为55.91%~92.02%和37.17%~97.46%,产量较对照增加2.29%~16.77%。因此,在冬油菜大量返青但未封行前施用苗后除草剂,可显著防控田间杂草并增加冬油菜籽粒产量。     

浮萍与稻糠控制稻田杂草效果初探

稻田杂草过分依赖除草剂,使杂草抗药性增强,同时对生态环境造成破坏。笔者通过田间试验表明,水稻种植早期撒施浮萍、稻糠对稻田单、双子叶杂草有较明显的生态控制作用,稻糠对杂草的株防效和总鲜重防效可达50%以上,但控制时间较短,对晚发双子叶杂草的抑制作用有限。相较之下,浮萍持效期更长,对单、双子叶株防效和总鲜重防效在70%左右。     

Impact of different crop rotations and tillage systems on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat

Crop rotation and tillage systems have important implications for weed infestation and crop productivity. In this study, five tillage systems viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT), bed sowing (60/30 cm with four rows; BS₁) and bed sowing (90/45 cm with six rows; BS₂) were evaluated in five different crop rotations viz. fallow-wheat (FW), rice-wheat (RW), cotton-wheat (CW), mungbean-wheat (MW) and sorghum-wheat (SW) for their effect on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat. Interaction between different tillage practices and cropping systems had significant effect on density and dry biomass of total, broadleaved and grass weeds, agronomic and yield-related traits, and grain yield of bread wheat. The un-disturbed soils (ZT) under fallow-wheat or mungbean-wheat rotations favoured the weed prevalence (a total weed dry biomass of 72.4–109.6 and 105.6–112.1 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Contrary to this, the disturbed soils (CT, DT, BS₁ and BS₂) had less weed infestation with either of the rotations (a total weed biomass of 0.4–7.1 and 1.1–5.4 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Sorghum-wheat rotation had strong suppressive effect on weed infestation in all tillage systems. The impact of crop rotation was more visible during second year of experimentation. Bed sown wheat (BS₁ and BS₂) in mungbean-wheat rotation had the highest wheat grain yield (6.30–6.47 t ha⁻¹) compared to other tillage systems in different crop rotation combinations.     

京郊生态果园中的植物调查

北京郊区生态果园数量较多。对不使用除草剂,主要采取清耕措施为主的生态果园中非靶标植物进行调查、分类和分析,将果园中植物分为4类,即果园杂草、果园行间生草和种草、果园趋避植物、果园栅栏植物。其中果园杂草有34科95属115种,其中常见的83种。常见种中以一、二年生草本和具地下根状茎或以地面芽越冬的多年生草本为主,彻底清除比较困难。并和30年前果园杂草从物种多样性和分布情况方面进行了比较,发现物种多样性有所下降,少了10科31属59种植物,但也新增加了2科17属30种,净减少8科14属29种;杂草中有7种属于外来入侵物种。统计出行间种草10种,种植趋避植物20种,建议用作栅栏植物8种。     

玉米间作菊花脑高效栽培方法对玉米杂草的影响

研究了玉米间作菊花脑的高效栽培方法对玉米杂草的影响,以探究此间作方法对杂草的防效及间作经济效益,为在生产实践中进一步推广应用提供理论依据。结果表明,玉米菊花脑间作处理(T)较玉米单作处理(CK),玉米产量增加,每667 m2产值增加2496元,增收效果明显;间作处理的玉米维生素C、粗淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了41.7%、3.6%、6.2%、14.2%;在玉米各时期CK处理杂草发生种类和相对密度均高于T处理;玉米成熟期T处理防草效果最好,株数防效和鲜质量防效分别达87.64%和90.28%,有效减少杂草生长。综上所述,玉米间作菊花脑的高效栽培方法有效减少了除草剂的用量,菊花脑经济效益更高,能在保证玉米产量的同时,显著提高农民收入。     

化感作用在杂草控制中的应用

杂草危害农作物的生长和发育,而大量施用除草剂会造成环境污染和增加杂草抗药性。利用植物相互间化感作用控制杂草非常有效,抑草植物通过释放化感物质并与杂草竞争生存环境,进而对杂草发芽和生长产生抑制作用。轮作、耕作等措施影响植物残茬化感物质的释放,造成抑草效果不同。化感育种是解决杂草危害的最有效途径,可使植物具有对杂草抑制作用的化感性状。     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

稻田主要杂草种类和生长变化的研究

采用人工除草、化学除草、不除草 3种处理方法对稻田杂草生长情况进行系统调查。结果表明 :安徽省合肥地区至少有 13种稻田杂草 ,其中鸭舌草、稗草、陌上草、三棱草 4种为主要杂草 ;不同处理间杂草种类、数量、鲜重、干重存在显著差异 ;2次调查中 3种处理的杂草群落均有变化 ,即水稻旺盛生长期的杂草种类、数量、生物产量较水稻生长前期明显减少。     

晋北滹沱河流域稻田杂草防除研究

本文对山西省北部滤沱河流域稻田杂草化学防除方面作了初步的研究，试验结果表明，以稗草和眼子菜为主要危害杂草的稻田，使用稻草敌、北斗星或采用以苄黄隆为主的二元混配除草剂，均可取得良好的除草效果；适当推迟用药期、加大用药量、合理保水，并可明显提高其除草效果     

假臭草对南方几种常见大田杂草的化感作用

以假臭草为化感物质供体,飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum L.)、巴西含羞草(Mimosa pudica L.)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)和茴麻(Abutilon theophrasti Medic)为受体做生测实验,研究入侵杂草假臭草的鲜样浸提液与干样浸提液的化感作用,为假臭草的绿肥化利用与入侵风险预测提供理论依据。研究结果表明,无论是假臭草鲜样浸提液还是干样浸提液均对供试的几种杂草有明显的抑制作用,并且对幼苗根的抑制作用大于对种子的。在5种供试杂草中,巴西含羞草对假臭草的化感作用耐性最强,飞机草次之。但几种杂草在较高浓度下根全部受到抑制,不能生长。鲜样和干样浸提液强度有一定的差异,但差异不大。因此,将假臭草作为绿肥来防治农田杂草有一定前途,但针对不同的作物系统与主要杂草种类要有广泛的化感研究基础。