Effects of natural pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids on the tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus (skuse) and non-target flower-visiting insects in urban green areas of Padua,Italy

Abstract

The tiger mosquito is a key vector of several human diseases and is considered a public health concern worldwide. The implementation of strategies aimed at maximizing mosquito control without affecting non-target insect groups is of major importance. In a field trial, we tested the efficiency of a natural pyrethrum-based vs. a synthetic pyrethroid-based insecticide in reducing tiger mosquito population and how they affect the diversity of non-target flower-visiting insects in green urban areas. Only the pyrethroid insecticide was effective in reducing mosquito abundance, although its effects disappeared nine days after application. The two adulticides did not significantly affect the diversity of flower-visiting insects, probably because of their large body size and the difference in flying and foraging activity. To effectively control mosquito populations while preventing intoxication of non-target flower-visiting insects, adulticide applications should be applied early in the morning and only on bushes and trees. Results from our small-scale applications cannot be extrapolate when larger areas are treated.     

Development of resistance to insecticides in the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Pakistan

The mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis has been a serious pest of cotton, vegetables, ornamentals and other plants since its invasion into Pakistan in 2005. Its susceptibility to commonly-used insecticides was monitored during 2005–2013 by a nymphal dip bioassay. Initially, P. solenopsis was found susceptible to a range of insecticide classes. Lethal concentration values were particularly low for organophosphates and pyrethroids. After a year of its exposure to insecticides, P. solenopsis developed moderate to high levels of resistance to pyrethroids. After two years, resistance to organophosphates methidathion and chlorpyrifos also rose to moderate to high levels. After five years of use, resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, endosulfan, carbosulfan, and thiocyclam was generally high to very high. Acetamiprid resistance was slow to develop, as it reached moderate level of resistance after seven years of its extensive applications. Insecticide resistance in P. solenopsis could have been managed in Pakistan if the effective and diverse insecticides were used in rotation, along with other integrated pest management tactics, at the initial stages of resistance development.     

水产品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测方法的研究

建立了水产品中氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的提取、净化以及毛细管气相色谱的测定方法。选择40mL正己烷：丙酮（V／V，2：1）混合溶液作为提取液，经冷冻去脂，柱层析净化过程中选用3g中性氧化铝作为净化填料，30mL正己烷：丙酮（V／V，4：1）混合溶液进行洗脱，然后用气相色谱法测定，外标法定量。实验结果表明，在10～200ng／mL线性范围内线性良好，相关系数在0．9993～0．9998。标准品添加量在10～66μg／kg范围内，罗非鱼样品加标实验的回收率在76．9～90．3％，相对标准偏差在1．25—4．66％，样品中氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯残留量检测方法的检出限为10μg／kg。另外采用鳗鱼和对虾样品的标准添加回收实验进行方法的验证，实验结果表明，平均回收率达到70％以上，相对标准偏差小于10％，符合药残检测要求。本方法可用于进行水产品中多种菊酯类农药残留的检测分析。     

土壤中拟除虫菊酯微生物降解研究

微生物降解是拟除虫菊酯类农药从土壤中消去的主要途径。本文介绍了拟除虫菊酯降解菌的分离鉴定、降解基因的克隆以及微生物降解机理研究的近期成果,综合介绍了拟除虫菊酯异构体选择降解的特征、原因以及可能产生的环境效应,重点分析了农药疏水性、土壤吸附、重金属、土壤养分及长期施肥、共存农药对土壤中拟除虫菊酯微生物降解的影响,最后对土壤微生物修复前景进行了展望。     

Action of deltamethrin on N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat brain

Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals prepared from whole rat brain were used to evaluate the action of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by measuring calcium influx and endogenous glutamate release. Deltamethrin-enhanced K⁺-stimulated calcium influx and subsequent Ca²⁺-dependent glutamate release. The effect of deltamethrin was concentration-dependent, stereospecific, blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC but unaltered in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are a site of action at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Electrophysiological studies were carried out using rat brain Ca_v2.2 and β₃ subunits coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to validate such action. Deltamethrin reduced barium peak current in a concentraion-dependent and stereospecific manner, increased the rate of activation, and prolonged the inactivation rate of this channel. These experiments support the conclusion that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel operation is altered by deltamethrin.     

Identification of mutations in the para sodium channel of Bemisia tabaci from Crete, associated with resistance to pyrethroids

We investigated the mechanisms of resistance to α-cypermethrin in a Q biotype, highly resistant Bemisia tabaci strain (GRMAL-RP) isolated from Crete. Cytochrome P450-dependent monoxygenase activity with the substrate ethoxycoumarin, and carboxylesterase activity with the substrates α-naphthyl-acetate, β-naphthyl-acetate, and para-nitrophenol acetate were substantially elevated in the GRMAL-RP, compared to the susceptible SUD-S strain, while glutathione-S-transferase activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was not different. The metabolic inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate synergised cypermethrin toxicity in the GRMAL-RP strain, however, mortality was still lower than that of the susceptible strain, indicating the presence of an additional resistance mechanism. Analysis of the sequence of the IIS4-IIS6 region of the para sodium channel gene of the GRMAL-RP strain revealed two amino acid replacements compared to that of the SUD-S susceptible strain. One is the leucine to isoleucine substitution at position 925 (L925I) previously implicated in B. tabaci pyrethroid resistance and the other is a novel kdr resistant mutation for B. tabaci, a threonine to valine substitution at position 929 (T929V). Genotype analysis showed that the L925I and T929V were present in all GRMAL-RP males tested, at an approximately 1:1 frequency, but never in combination in the same haplotype.     

美洲大蠊Na~ -K~ -ATPase作为筛选靶标的初步研究

以美洲大蠊 (Periplanata americana)雄性成虫的中枢神经系统为试材 ,对 Na -K - ATPase作为农药筛选靶标进行了初步研究 ,表明 Na - K - ATPase活力测定的最适反应条件是 :酶源蛋白浓度 8.5μg/ m L,温度 30℃ ,p H7.4 ,反应时间 15min。同时以最佳反应系统初步研究了几种拟除虫菊酯 (南开菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴灭菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、胺菊酯 )对 Na - K - ATPase离体活性的影响 ,结果显示出不同程度的抑制作用。并对其用作农药筛选靶标的可能性进行了探讨。     

3种菊酯类杀虫剂从烟丝到卷烟主流烟气的转移率研究

[目的]系统地研究对比3种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在烟丝、卷烟、卷烟主流烟气中的转移情况。[方法]研究了不同浓度的3种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯)从烟丝到卷烟再到卷烟主流烟气的转移率情况,并建立转移模型。[结果]试验表明,不同浓度的3种杀虫剂从烟丝到卷烟的过程中转移率较高,在99%以上;而从烟丝或卷烟转移到卷烟主流烟气的比例很低,在0~9.78%,平均转移率最高的是氟氯氰菊酯,其次是顺式氯氰菊酯,转移率最小的是氯菊酯。经过8个验证样品对所建立的转移模型的验证试验表明,通过转移模型所计算出来的含量结果与通过试验方法得到的检测结果之间的相对偏差均在10%以下,表明所建立的转移模型具有良好的准确性和可靠性。[结论]研究可为烟叶生产中杀虫剂的选择提供参考依据。     

氟氰菌酯合成的研究

采用后氟化路线,先合成了七个中间体,再与间-苯氧基苯甲醛反应,得到产物氟氰菊酯,性状与文献相符。     

高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对棉铃虫的亚致死效应

为协调害虫的化学防治与生物防治,通过饲喂法测定了高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯两种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂亚致死剂量(LC1与LC50)对棉铃虫3龄幼虫体重、生长发育以及驱避作用的影响。结果表明,各处理对棉铃虫幼虫-蛹、蛹-成虫的存活率都有影响。药剂处理后,幼虫的历期延长,幼虫的化蛹也受到影响,出现畸蛹,但各处理畸蛹率均低于15%。亚致死剂量杀虫剂对棉铃虫的生长发育、幼虫体重及蛹重都有抑制作用,以高效氯氰菊酯的影响较大。在LC1与LC50剂量下,两种药剂对棉铃虫也表现出驱避作用。这些研究结果显示,低剂量的拟除虫菊酯对棉铃虫生物学方面存在不良影响。