青贮微生物及其对青贮饲料发酵品质影响的研究进展

青贮微生物在饲料发酵过程中起关键作用。无论是牧草表面附着的微生物还是外源添加的微生物菌剂在青贮发酵过程中对青贮微生物的群落结构及其演替过程都起着重要的作用,而青贮发酵过程中微生物的群落结构及其演替过程与代谢产物很大程度上影响着青贮饲料的发酵品质。本文阐述了青贮微生物群落结构,微生物在青贮过程中的演替及其对青贮饲料品质的影响。从目前研究结果来看,不同牧草及同种牧草生长在不同环境中其表面附着微生物存在很大差异。添加乳酸菌对提高青贮品质效果不稳定,还需了解牧草附着微生物特性决定是否需要接种乳酸菌以得到优质青贮饲料。     

脱硫渣施用量对盐碱地油葵根际微生物区系的影响

分析盐碱地油葵在不同脱硫渣处理下其根际与非根际细菌、真菌、放线菌以及氨化细菌、好气性纤维素分解菌、固氮菌、硝化细菌生理类群的区系动态变化,研究盐碱地油葵对不同脱硫渣处理的响应规律。结果表明,随着脱硫渣施用量的增加,土壤中细菌和放线菌及4类生理细菌类群的数量均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,其中脱硫渣为1.5 t/hm2时,每克干土中细菌数量为1.81×106个,放线菌的数量为3.62×105个,氨化细菌为9.37×105个,好气性纤维素分解菌为95.01×104个,固氮菌为15.71×103个。真菌呈现出先快速下降后缓慢上升的趋势;适宜的脱硫渣施用量有利于油葵根际细菌、放线菌及4类细菌生理类群数量的提高,过高则微生物数量下降;施用脱硫渣前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

日光温室连作黄瓜根际微生物区系的变化

[目的]研究黄瓜再植病害的发生机理。[方法]选择种植年限分别为13、、5、7和8年的日光温室,采集0~20 cm根区耕层土壤,测定微生物类群和数量。[结果]连续种植5年的土壤中微生物数量最多,达2.2×108cfu/g（干土）;8年的最少,为2.7×107cfu/g（干土）。细菌占微生物总量的97%以上。随连作年限的增加,细菌和放线菌数量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,第5年达到最大值,分别为2.17×108和1.92×106cfu/g（干土）;真菌数量随连作年限的增加呈增长趋势。随连作年限的增加,氨化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,分别在连作5、3和3年达到最大值,而硝化细菌数量随连作年限的增加急剧下降。[结论]黄瓜连作显著地改变了根际微生物区系。     

醒发过程中菌相变化对面团生化指标及青麦仁馒头感官品质的影响

为提高青麦仁馒头蒸制品质,以青麦仁面团为研究对象,通过研究其醒发过程中菌相变化,探讨其与面团醒发过程中生化指标（水分含量、TTA、pH）及青麦仁馒头感官品质的相关性。结果显示,随着面团醒发时间的延长,醋酸菌数量及总酸呈缓慢升高趋势,pH呈下降趋势;酵母菌、乳酸菌的数量先升后降,在醒发40min时达到最大值,此时含水量最高。相关性分析表明,面团醒发过程中菌相与生化指标及青麦仁馒头感官品质均具有相关性。其中,菌落总数与pH呈极显著相关（p＜0.01）,与含水量、总酸及感官评分呈显著相关（p＜0.05）;酵母菌与pH、含水量及感官品质呈极显著相关;乳酸菌与感官评分呈极显著相关;醋酸菌与pH、总酸呈极显著相关。面团醒发40min时蒸制的青麦仁馒头感官评分最高,达82.75分;对青麦仁馒头感官品质影响最大的是酵母菌和乳酸菌。     

南疆温室和菜地土壤微生物学特性比较

对阿拉尔垦区使用 1 0年以上的温室和菜地土壤农化性质、土壤微生物区系、土壤微生物活性进行初步分析。结果显示 :温室土壤NO3 N含量、总盐含量明显高于菜地 ,pH也略有下降 ,土壤存在次生盐渍化的威胁。两种不同利用方式的土壤微生物区系均以细菌占绝对优势 ,说明细菌是土壤物质分解的主要参与者 ,微生物区系变化趋势与土壤肥力相似。温室土壤由于NO3 N含量、总盐含量增加 ,因而微生物活性下降     

Influence of Enterococcus faecium SF68 Probiotic on Giardiasis in Dogs

Background: Giardiasis is a common, potentially zoonotic disease, and dogs often harbor and shed cysts without showing clinical signs. Treatment with the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 has been shown to stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity in a variety of animal models and in young dogs, and to reduce giardial cyst and antigen shedding in rodents.
Hypothesis: Adult dogs with chronic naturally acquired giardiasis will have decreased giardial fecal cyst and antigen shedding and increased innate and adaptive immunity after 6 weeks probiotic treatment with E. faecium SF68.
Animals: Twenty adult dogs.
Methods: After a 6-week dietary equilibration period, dogs were randomized to receive E. faecium SF68 or placebo for 6 weeks, and then crossed over to the alternate treatment. We measured cyst shedding, fecal giardial antigen, fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration, and circulating leukocyte phagocytic activity at multiple timepoints to determine the effect of E. faecium SF68 on giardiasis and immune responses in these dogs.
Results: No differences were observed between placebo or E. faecium SF68 treatment for giardial cyst shedding, fecal antigen shedding, fecal IgA concentration, or leukocyte phagocytic activity.
Conclusions: Short-term treatment with E. faecium SF68 of dogs with chronic naturally acquired subclinical giardiasis fails to affect giardial cyst shedding or antigen content and does not alter innate or adaptive immune responses.     

肉仔鸡饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)效果的研究

研究了两种不同枯草芽孢杆菌对660只艾维茵肉仔鸡的生产性能和对仔鸡肠道微生物菌群的影响。试验将仔鸡随机分为4组:不饲喂药物添加剂的对照组、添加乳酸—粪链球菌的正对照组及添加不同枯草芽孢杆菌的两个试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ。 结果表明,添加枯草芽孢杆菌可使三周龄仔鸡体重略高于对照组,但差异不显著。添加枯草芽孢杆菌A16的试验组Ⅱ的饲料转化效率比对照组显著提高(P<0.05);试验组Ⅰ与对照组相比,可显著地增加肠道中有益菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量(P<0.05),减少有害菌(沙门氏菌)的数量(P<0.01),但对大肠杆菌数量的影响不显著。     

苹果表面微生物数量及其与两种主要病菌的关系

对新收获及市售的8个品种苹果表皮微生物区系的分析表明,每克苹果表皮上细菌和真菌的含量分别为4.87 × 10~3CFU—7.38X10~5CFU和2.63X10~2CFU—4.75X10~2CFU.经分离纯化后得到细菌菌株273个,真菌菌株75个.以苹果贮存期两种主要病菌炭疽病菌和轮纹病菌为指示菌进行抑菌测定,得到拮抗性细菌菌株77个,真菌菌株20个.对其中拮抗性强的9个菌株在人工接种条件下测定,表明它们对苹果贮藏病害有不同程度防治作用,其中NA—W42和K'B—X71对轮纹病防治效果分别达96.3%和88.9%,PG—Wlla对炭疽病防治效果达55.6%.     

Iron Nutrition of Peanut Enhanced by Mixed Cropping with Maize: Possible Role of Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Microflora

Abstract

Field observations have indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut are more severe and widespread in monoculture than intercropped with maize in calcareous soils of northern China. Here we report a pot experiment that investigated the mechanisms underlying the marked improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut grown in mixture with maize. Iron deficiency chlorosis occurred in the young leaves of peanut in monoculture and was particularly obvious at the flowering stage, while the young leaves of peanut grown in mixture with maize remained green throughout the experiment. The chlorophyll and HCl‐extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut grown in mixture were much higher than those in monoculture, indicating that maize may have markedly improved the peanut Fe nutrition. Growth in mixture was associated with greatly altered root morphology and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of peanut. Visual observation of peanut roots in monoculture showed that they were larger in diameter and shorter than those in mixture. Moreover, peanut roots in mixture with maize produced more lateral roots and had increased root length compared with plants in monoculture. Peanut grown together with maize showed obvious rhizodermal transfer cells in the subapical root zone, but cells with cell wall ingrowths were poorly developed in peanut in monoculture. Mixed culture resulted in a significantly decreased abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere of peanut compared with monoculture, and electron microscope observations indicated that this was associated with a thicker mucigel layer on the root surface of peanut in mixture with maize. Several root morphological and rhizosphere microbial factors may thus have contributed to the improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut in mixed culture.     

微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂防治烟草青枯病

盆栽试验设置了五个处理:对照(T1)、施用普通有机肥(T2)、施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T3)、石灰处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T4)、石灰和碳铵处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T5),用DGGE和平板计数法研究了根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,旨在探讨微生物有机肥及微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂对烟草青枯病的防治效果和对烟草根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤中,施用普通有机肥(T2)不仅不能防治烟草青枯病,还提高了烟草青枯病的病情指数,而施用微生物有机肥处理(T3、T4和T5)对烟草青枯病的防治效果达66.7％～87.9％;施用微生物有机肥可显著改变根际微生物区系结构:T2处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理略有增加,真菌数量则较T1处理增加了1.1倍;T3和T4处理的根际土壤细菌分别较T1处理增加了3.5倍和6.1倍,同时,放线菌数量分别增加了3.7倍和3.5倍,而真菌数量分别下降了66.2％和70.1％;T5处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理分别增加了13.6倍和5.1倍,真菌数量下降了75.0％;各处理的细菌群落多样性均较T1处理增加.初步研究表明,连作病害土壤用石灰和碳铵预处理后再施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥能有效防控烟草青枯病和减缓连作生物障碍,其作用机制主要通过改变微生物区系和降低病原菌数量实现.