不同用量的氮磷化肥对棉田土壤微生物区系及活性的影响

1996、1 997年连续对灌耕灰漠土棉花试验地土壤进行观测 .结果表明 ,适宜的氮磷化肥用量 ,可促进土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌、固氮菌等氮素生理群微生物数量显著增加 .土壤呼吸强度、纤维分解强度等活性指标均有所增大 ,从而有利于作物生长 ,提高产量 .     

Research Note Soil Characteristics in Semiarid Highlands of Central Mexico as Affected by Mesquite Trees (Prosopis laevigata)

In the semiarid highlands of central Mexico the mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata) is often removed for agricultural and forestry purposes. Clearing of land for agricul tural purposes has a significant impact on soil processes and nutrient dynamics and, ultimately, on crop production. We have studied the effect of the mesquite tree on soil respiration, amounts of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, and soil characteristics. Soil was sampled from three distinct locations: under the canopy of the mesquite tree, in the area surrounding the mesquite tree but not covered by its canopy, and in adjacent cultivated land. It was found that the mesquite tree plays an important role in nutrient cycling in arid and semiarid regions. Soil microorganisms and nutrients (N, P, and Fe) were more abundant under the canopy of the mesquite tree than in the surrounding area and in the adjacent arable soil.     

Studies on samh seeds (Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst) growing in Saudi Arabia: 2: Chemical composition and microflora of samh seeds

The chemical composition of samh seed have been investigated. Proximate analysis showed a composition of 22.25% protein, 5.7% moisture, 5.6% fat, 4.0% ash, 9.7% crude fiber, and the remainder being total carbohydrates. Mineral element analysis revealed that potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium were present as the major elements. Iron, manganese, zinc and copper were found at lower levels. However, lead was not detected in the samh seeds. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methylester of the fatty acids of the samh seeds oil revealed the presence of fourteen fatty acids. Linoleic and oleic acids were the principle unsaturated fatty acids. While palmitic acid was the main saturated fatty acid. Amino acid analysis of the samh seeds showed the presence of seventeen amino acids including eight essential amino acids. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid were the major amino acids. Cystine and proline were present in trace amounts. These results some of which have not been reported elsewhere indicate the high nutritional potential of Saudi samh seeds. The total aerobic bacterial count and total sporeformers of seeds were 19×10⁷ and 5×10⁴ cfu/g respectively, thus the enterobacteriaceae,B cereus and yeast and molds were 5×10², 1×10² and 7×10² respectively. The seeds were Staph. free and the samh extract had no antimicrobial effect.     

有机肥对环青海湖地区退化草地土壤微生物区系的影响

从土壤微生物群落结构与多样性角度评价施用有机肥对退化草地的恢复效果,论文以环青海湖地区的轻度-中度退化高寒草地为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究了土壤微生物群落结构、多样性及功能类群对施用有机肥的响应特征。结果表明：施有机肥处理增加了细菌的OTUs,降低了真菌的OTUs;施有机肥改变了土壤细菌与真菌群落组成及相对丰度;在属水平上细菌群落的组成种类中,Gaiella在施肥处理时丰度最高,同时也改变了群落结构;施有机肥能适当增加土壤细菌群落的Richness指数,降低了真菌群落的Richness指数,而降低了细菌群落的Chao1指数,但增加了真菌群落的Chao1指数,细菌和真菌群落的Shannon和Pielou指数都降低;施有机肥处理后Gammaproteobacteria是土壤细菌的指示物种,Dothideomycetes是土壤真菌的指示物种,施用有机肥后促进土壤有益微生物的恢复,改善土壤微生物区系。     

湖南省几种稻田土壤微生物区系的研究

对湖南省3个国家水稻工程基地的7种水稻土微生物区系的分析结果表明,7种水稻土中3类微生物总数依次为黄沙泥>紫沙泥>河沙泥>紫泥田>红黄泥>潮沙泥>黄泥田,特殊生理群的微生物数量也以河沙泥和紫沙泥等通气性好、质地好的土壤中最多,而黄泥田和红黄泥等紧实土壤中微生物数量较少。农业生产中要因土壤类型采取相应的农业技术措施。     

不同树龄茶树根层土壤化学特性及其对微生物区系和数量的影响

研究了红壤茶园中不同树龄茶树根层土壤微生物区系分布和种群结构的变化及其生态学因子。结果表明 ,随着树龄的增长 ,茶树根层土壤的酸度增加 ,pH值下降 ,土壤交换性酸组成从交换性H 为主转变为以交换性Al3 为主 ;同时 ,土壤有机碳、可溶性酚总量和全氮含量随树龄而增加。细菌、放线菌以及微生物总量以树龄 1 0年的茶树根层土壤中数量最多 ,4 0年和 90年树龄的茶树根层土壤中的较接近 ;树龄 1 0年和 90年的茶树根层土壤中真菌数量相当 ,其大于 4 0年树龄的茶树根层土壤真菌数量 ;而芽孢杆菌数量以 4 0年树龄茶树根层土壤最多 ,而 1 0年和 90年树龄茶树的接近 ;茶树根层土壤微生物生物量碳随树龄增长而增加 ,但与茶树根层土壤可培养微生物总量无显著相关。茶树根层土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤pH、有机碳、可溶性酚和全氮分别呈显著 (p<0 0 5 )或极显著 (p<0 0 0 1 )相关。     

平菇培养料通风发酵技术的研究

本文对平菇培养料通风发酵过程中不同阶段培养料的微生物区系、温度、pH 的变化进行了分析; 并绘制了堆料中温度、pH、细菌数量和通风量的变化曲线。试验结果表明: 采用通风发酵技术使培养料中中温型有害的细菌、霉菌数量大大减少, 而有益的高温放线菌数量增加, 并为平菇前期发菌减少污染及优势生长创造了条件。     

微生物区系的功能基因组研究方法学

微生物在生态环境中具有重要作用,与整个生态系统中物质循环和能量流动密切相关。目前微生物区系的研究不断揭示环境样品中微生物群体的结构和功能。系统生物学研究思路不断地被引入进来,例如微生物区系基因组学、宏蛋白组学、生物信息学等。后基因组研究将对微生物区系的发展起到极其重要的作用。文章对应用到微生物区系研究的一些生物学方法进行了综述。     

不同光照条件下草地早熟禾根际微生物区系动态研究

研究了草地早熟禾在不同光照条件下其根际与非根际细菌、真菌、放线菌以及氨化细菌、硝化细菌、好气性纤维素分解菌、固氮菌生理类群的区系动态变化,拟从根际土壤微生物数量变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾对不同光照条件的响应规律。结果表明,草地早熟禾根际细菌及四类细菌生理群数量与光照条件呈正相关,随着光照条件的减弱,其数量呈降低趋势;根际放线菌数量随光照的减弱呈先下降后上升的趋势;而真菌数量与光照条件呈负相关,随着光照条件的减弱,根际真菌的数量逐渐增加;草地早熟禾根际土壤由“细菌型”向“真菌型”转化;不同光照条件下,根际各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

家兔盲肠区正常菌群的研究

采用稀释滴种法对8只40日龄健康断乳仔兔盲肠区(圆小囊、盲肠、蚓突)正常菌群拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和魏氏梭菌进行研究测定.结果表明,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌、乳酸杆菌等厌氧菌群数量占优势,大肠杆菌等需氧菌群数量很少,差异极显著(P＜0.01),未分离到沙门氏菌和魏氏梭菌;各菌群在盲肠区不同部位的分布数值差异不显著(P＞0.05).