1.0%斑蝥素乳油对重要非靶标生物的安全性评价

参照"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则"的规定,测定了1.0%斑蝥素乳油对蜜蜂、家蚕、蝌蚪、蚯蚓、土壤微生物5类环境生物的毒性。结果表明:1.0%的斑蝥素乳油对蜜蜂24 h触杀毒性LD50为0.15μg/蜂,摄入毒性LC50为1.83 mg/L;对家蚕表现为强烈的拒食作用,24 h接触毒性LC50为0.83μg/cm2;对蝌蚪24 h和48 h LC50分别为0.93 mg/L和0.87 mg/L;对蚯蚓7 d的LC50为22.66 mg/kg;10 mg/L处理蔬菜地和小麦地土壤,对土壤微生物15 d的呼吸抑制率分别为16.1%和21.8%。以上结果表明,1.0%斑蝥素乳油对蚯蚓和土壤微生物表现为低毒,对蜜蜂和家蚕属高毒,对蝌蚪表现为中等毒性。     

The effects of azadirachtin and nucleopolyhedrovirus on midgut enzymatic profile of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effects of azadirachtin (AZA) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) on midgut enzyme activity in Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Tobacco cutworm) were evaluated. Gut enzyme activities were decreased by AZA and NPV individually and in combination. When S. litura larvae were fed a diet of castor leaves treated with AZA and NPV in bioassays, gut enzyme—acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatases, and lactate dehydrogenase—activities were decreased. There were statistically significant differences (P ? 0.05) in enzyme activities between combined and individual treatment. A synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and virus was found when combined in low doses. These effects are most pronounced in early instars. Maximum weight loss (59-72%) occurred, when AZA and NPV were combined.     

固态发酵孢子分离器的研制

采用气固分离方法,使得木霉孢子与固体发酵培养基彻底分离,以完成收集木霉孢子的目的。固态发酵方法得到的木霉孢子附着在固态发酵培养基表面,用自然干燥除去培养基中水分,在搅拌器内将结块的培养基打碎,并利用风机产生的高速气流使其在加速管内加速,通过惯性分离器,培养基的固体物质首先被分离出来,而孢子和气体进一步加速,在旋风分离器中的离心场作用下完成两者的分离。     

提高苏云金杆菌防治效果技术的研究

系统介绍了Bt的生理特征、杀虫机理以及在应用中存在的问题,提出了提高Bt防治效果的技术措施。     

伊枯草菌素研究进展

伊枯草菌素（iturin）是由枯草芽孢杆菌产生的一种具有环脂肽结构的两亲化合物,其中伊枯草菌素A应用最为广泛。它具有溶血、表面活性和强烈的抗真菌特性,并且具有抗菌谱广、低毒、低残留和低过敏性的特点,其抗菌机制是同时作用于病原菌的细胞壁和细胞膜,是一种潜在的具有极大开发应用价值的生物农药。该文综述了伊枯草菌素的应用、作用机理及发酵研究方面的进展。     

几种生物农药对草莓主要害虫的防治效果试验

田间试验结果表明:0.5%苦参碱AS 400倍液对草莓蚜虫的防效达81.84%,但对草莓斜纹夜蛾和蓟马的防治效果不佳;16000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌WP 500倍液对草莓斜纹夜蛾的防效达79.74%,但对草莓蓟马的防治效果不佳。     

防治茶树茶尺蠖的药剂筛选

[目的]通过田间药效试验,筛选出一批高效低毒、选择性较强的新药剂在茶园推广应用。[方法]设置8个药剂处理和1个空白对照处理,开展防治茶尺蠖的田间药效试验。[结果]25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油、100 g/L联苯菊酯乳油、25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油的防治效果较好。生物农药中0.4%蛇床子素乳油的防效最好。[结论]25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油、100 g/L联苯菊酯乳油、25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油在茶尺蠖大发生时,可以有效控制其危害。生物农药中0.4%蛇床子素乳油是防治茶尺蠖的首选药剂。     

Cost:benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: Implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries

Botanical insecticides based on plant extracts are not widely used as crop protectants even though they can be produced simply from locally available plants. Many studies have examined efficacy but there is a paucity of information on the cost:benefit ratio of their use compared with conventional insecticides. In the present study, crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides (Asterales: Asteraceae), Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae), Synedrella nodiflora (Asterales: Asteraceae), Nicotiana tabacum (Solanales: Solanaceae), and Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) were compared with the synthetic insecticide, emamectin benzoate (Attack^®) against insect pests of cabbage in randomised, replicated field experiments during the major and minor rainy seasons of 2012 in Ghana. The cost of each treatment including material and labour was calculated and the revenue of each derived using the value of the marketable yield of cabbage. The cost:benefit ratios of sprayed treatments were derived by comparing the cost of each plant protection regime against the additional market value of the treatment yield above that obtained in the control treatment. With the exception of plots sprayed with N. tabacum, the cost of plant protection using Attack^® was higher than any of the botanicals in both seasons. The highest cost:benefit ratio of 1: 29 was observed for plots sprayed with C. odorata and was followed closely by N. tabacum treatment with 1: 25 and Attack^® with 1: 18. In the minor season, plots sprayed with Attack^® had the highest cost:benefit ratio of 1: 15 and was followed closely by N. tabacum with 1: 14. Botanical insecticides differed markedly in levels of pest control and cost:benefit but some were comparable to that from conventional insecticide use whilst being produced easily from locally available plant materials and are likely to be safer to use for smallholder farmers and consumers in developing countries.     

2种生物农药对埃及吹绵蚧的室内毒力与田间药效

采用浸虫法测试苦参碱和阿维菌素对埃及吹绵蚧幼虫和雌成虫的室内毒力,并进行田间防治试验。结果表明,苦参碱对埃及吹绵蚧的3龄若虫、雌成虫有较高活性,处理后48 h的致死中质量浓度（LC₅₀）分别为0.79和6.09 mg/L。苦参碱、阿维菌素与敌敌畏相近,处理10 d的防效分别为92.50%、85.35%和84.84%。苦参碱、阿维菌素可作为埃及吹绵蚧防治的有效药剂。     

微生物源农药的研究进展

对生物防治、细菌类微生物农药、真菌类微生物农药、防线菌类微生物农药的研究和开发进展进行了综述;对微生物源农药的特点作了简单论述;对当前微生物源农药存在的问题进行了分析。认为微生物源农药资源丰富,大有发展前途;并提出了我国发展生物农药的方向和侧重点。