Insecticidal effects of the powdery formulation based on clay and essential oil from the leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clausena anisata</Emphasis> (Willd.) J. D. Hook ex. Benth. (Rutaceae) against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acanthoscelides obtectus</Emphasis> (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The bioefficacies of essential oil and aromatized clay powder based on the mixture of clay and essential oil extracted from Clausena anisata were evaluated for their insecticidal activities and their effects on progeny production of Acanthoscelides obtectus. Contact toxicity assayed by coating on bean grains showed that these chemicals caused significant mortality of the test insect. Beetle mortality was dose dependant and after 2-day exposure the aromatized clay powder was more toxic (LD₅₀ = 0.069 μl/g grain) than the pure essential oil (LD₅₀ = 0.081 μl/g grain). There was, however, a highly significant loss of toxicity after 24 and 36 h following treatment with essential oil and aromatized powder, respectively. Both aromatized clay powder and pure essential oil considerably reduced the F₁ progeny insect production. The essential oil evoked moderated repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LC₅₀ = 0.093 μl/cm³) against adults of A. obtectus. These results suggest that the clay powder could be used to stabilize the essential oil to increase its efficacy for use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.     

Vegetable oil formulation as biopesticide to control California red scale (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aonidiella aurantii</Emphasis> Maskell)

During laboratory tests, mineral oil in water emulsion (2%), containing Brassicaceae seed meals (2 g l⁻¹), induced total mortality (100%) among adult female California red scales on detached orange fruits, whereas only 47.5% of insect mortality was observed with the same mineral oil when used alone. These results were partially confirmed by two preliminary field trials. With the aim of improving biodegradability and the environmental impact of the insecticidal formulation, mineral oil was replaced by a vegetable oil without observing any significant variation of the product’s efficacy. In addition, a clear “dose-effect” of meal in mineral and vegetable oil was also demonstrated. The formulation, essentially based on oil, meals and some minor additives, shows the following advantages: (1) high insecticidal activity against an insect pest difficult to control such as Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell); (2) simultaneous control of several pathogens seems to be possible; (3) non-appearance of resistance phenomena in plant pathogens; and finally, (5) absence of phytotoxicity.     

我国叶子花属植物的应用前景及展望

论述了叶子花属植物的生物学特征,展望了叶子花属植物广阔的应用前景,旨在为进一步开发叶子花的观赏、医药、生物农药等价值提供依据。     

Are there alternatives to copper for controlling grapevine downy mildew in organic viticulture?

Downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola is one of the most important and devastating diseases of grapevine. Copper-based fungicides are used to control the disease in organic vineyards. However, since 2006, copper use has been limited by an European Commission regulation. In this study conducted from 2004 to 2007, we tested materials that might replace copper in organic viticulture, under controlled greenhouse and field conditions at two locations in Europe (northern Italy and Switzerland). We tested 112 different treatments, including biocontrol agents, materials of animal origin, homeopathic preparations, inorganic materials, microbial extracts, natural derivatives, plant extracts, physical methods and synthetic materials. Good control results were observed for two new copper formulations, but one of them induced phytotoxic effects. Two of the plant extracts provided good control on both leaves and clusters, and six of them controlled the infection on clusters only. One biocontrol agent reduced symptoms on leaves and bunches. Three of the other treatments provided good control on leaves, and four of them provided good control on bunches. Clay was as effective as copper on both leaves and bunches. Currently, even if there is no treatment that is as effective as copper for controlling grapevine downy mildew in organic vineyards, Yucca schidigera and Salvia officinalis extracts and Trichoderma harzianum, could be considered as promising candidates to be developed. This study may help the development of an integrated management program in which a less effective product is applied in combination with copper, to reduce the total quantities of copper applied.     

生物农药的研究与应用

通过介绍生物农药的类群和特点,重点讨论了生物农药研究和应用的现状,分析了生物农药发展中的问题,认为生物农药发展前景光明,提出了我国发展生物农药的对策、方向和侧重点。     

基于Web of Science数据库的Bt生物农药研究趋势分析

从文献计量的角度对Web of Science数据库1996~2013年间关于苏云金芽孢杆菌(简称Bt)生物农药发文趋势进行了统计分析。结果表明,在统计时间范围内,美国发文量居榜首,我国居第二;研究机构中,美国农业部农业研究所发文量位列第一;从作者关键词的分析表明发酵及抗药性防治等方向已成为研究热点。此外,Bt生物农药液态发酵比固态发酵发文量增速相对平缓,且利用废弃物(污泥、含氮废水、食品垃圾)为发酵原料生产农药比利用工农业产品(黄豆粉、玉米粉)为发酵原料生产农药的发文量增长迅速,未来发展前景可观。     

内蒙古生物农药产业发展动态研究

经收集与整理近几年生物农药产业发展资料,文章综述了国内外生物农药发展现状和防治研究动态．分析了内蒙古自治区该产业发展现状,从而明确内蒙古自治区在生物农药产业发展的优势和前景。     

The potential of natural naphthoquinones as the basis for a new class of pest control agents — an overview of research at IACR-Rothamsted

Two pesticidal naphthoquinones from Calceolaria andina (Scrophulariaceae) both contain a key structural feature not previously investigated in this group of compounds. Structure–activity studies have led to the identification of analogues with commercial levels of activity. The primary mode of action in insects is by inhibition of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Species specificity has been attributed to differences in the sensitivities of the target sites and whether the hydroxy group at position 2 is acylated. However, in comparative assays with some commercial insecticides, these compounds exhibited unexpectedly poor dose-transfer to insects from leaf surfaces when formulated as emulsifiable concentrates. Volatilisation and degradation were identified as key factors and performance improved with well-chosen formulations.