木质素磺酸盐碱性过氧化氢降解及结构表征

通过表征受碱性过氧化氢降解的木质素磺酸盐,探索高效低耗的木质素降解条件。木质素磺酸盐与含有H2O2的0.5、1.0、2.0 mol/L的NaOH溶液分别在90、170℃下反应2 h。结果表明:碱性过氧化氢处理后木质素磺酸盐的Mw(重均相对分子质量)和Mn(数均相对分子质量)降低,而在170℃,1 mol/L NaOH溶液条件下获得最大程度的降解。木质素磺酸盐的相对分子质量在降解后分布相对集中,这表明木质素磺酸盐可直接用于开发木质素基材料而无需进一步分离。用碱性过氧化氢降解后,甲氧基摩尔分数降低。在170℃、2 mol/L NaOH溶液条件下4步加入过氧化氢,降解得到的木质素甲氧基摩尔分数下降57.4%。碱性硝基苯氧化的结果也表明在170℃下用2 mol/L NaOH溶液和4步添加H2O2处理后会得到最低的香草醛和香草酸产率,表明该条件下非浓缩的木质素结构被有效破坏。FTIR结果显示木质素的芳香结构消失。木质素磺酸盐利用碱性过氧化物降解,最佳条件是在2 mol/L NaOH溶液和170℃条件下,分4步添加H2O2。     

自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸降解细菌ZH2的分离与应用

自毒物质是造成植物连作障碍的主要因子,研究旨在筛选能够降解土壤中自毒物质的细菌。采用选择性分离方法从土壤中筛选自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸降解菌;结合形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA测序鉴定菌种;采用紫外分光光度法测定菌株降解对羟基苯甲酸能力,并通过盆栽实验验证解毒效果。结果表明,分离到1株有降解对羟基苯甲酸能力的菌株,编号ZH2,经鉴定为绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)。在纯培养条件下,当对羟基苯甲酸浓度为5 mg/mL时,ZH2能在培养72 h时将其降解97%。盆栽条件下,当基质中对羟基苯甲酸浓度为10 mg/g时,ZH2能有效缓解对羟基苯甲酸对黄瓜的生长抑制作用。该研究从土壤中分离到能够降解对羟基苯甲酸的绿针假单胞菌,具有应用于连作障碍防控的潜在价值。     

Advances in Biodegradation of Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They are one of the contaminants most common in food and feed, with high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Aflatoxins usually enter animal body together with feed and then enter human body by food chain, thereby seriously threatening human health. In recent years, the degradation of aflatoxins has become a hot research topic. This study overviewed the characteristics and detoxification ways of aflatoxins, specifically for the advances in biodegradation and degradation products of aflatoxins.     

油液污染颗粒引起的齿轮泵劣化失效研究

综合传动系统油液污染度较高,污染颗粒磨损极易引发齿轮泵流量劣化。基于齿轮泵流量劣化机理,从颗粒破碎的微观角度建立了端面间隙泄漏通道的污染颗粒破碎模型,确定了颗粒破碎常数与泄漏因子的取值。在此基础上推导齿轮泵流量劣化模型,建立了污染颗粒质量与磨损参数的线性关系,并分析了污染颗粒浓度、齿轮泵结构参数等影响因素。试验验证结果表明,齿轮泵流量劣化模型能较好地解释颗粒破碎、磨屑生成等污染磨损过程,并从理论角度提出齿轮泵污染耐受度的估算方法。该模型对于综合传动液压润滑系统设计与污染控制研究有重要的实用价值。     

Comparison of traditional and improved methods for estimating the stability of organic growing media

Organic growing media employed in hydroponic crops could change their characteristics due to organic matter degradation during culture growing season. Traditional methods for measuring the stability of growing media (Biochemical Stability Index, Lemaire) do not take into account the activity of crop roots, nutrients in the growing media or microorganism presence. Three experiments were performed to determine the stability of six organic substrates. Stability was measured as the percentage of organic matter remaining in substrates. In experiment one (short duration and small scale without plant) 500 ml samples were incubated for 180 days following original methodology proposed by Lemaire (L) and with three modifications: (1) Inoculation with compost (I), (2) watered with nutrient solution (NS), and (3) both combined (I + NS). In experiment two (Long duration, medium scale) 10 l samples were incubated with and without a lolium crop for 720 days in a greenhouse. In experiment 3 stability of each substrate was real measured in 20 l hydroponic bags after use in four cycles of tomato production in a commercial greenhouse (2 years). All incubations were triplicated. Physicochemical properties of substrates were measured. Correlations between stability estimated in experiment one and two and real determinations in experiment three were analyzed. Lemaire methodology modified by adding and inoculum an nutrients (I + NS) was the best method to estimate the stability of organic growing media measured in real conditions in experiment 3. This new method greatly improves the estimation performed with original Lemaire methodology. Long term incubations with lolium also reproduce well the real stability of growing media but this methodology is not feasible because it requires four times longer and the amount of substrate required is 20 times larger for each sample.     

果胶酶降解壳聚糖工艺优化及特性动态变化分析

通过正交试验对果胶酶水解壳聚糖的工艺进行优化，并对降解过程中粘度、还原糖生成量、平均分子量等指标的动态变化进行研究。结果表明，果胶酶在50℃、pH值4．5、酶用量与壳聚糖质量之比为3、壳聚糖脱乙酰度为80％时对壳聚糖降解效果最佳，其中底物脱乙酰度对酶解效果影响极显著。在最适条件下，果胶酶对壳聚糖水解约1h，可控制产物平均分子量在2500左右。果胶酶降解壳聚糖的起始速度非常快，反应30min后粘度下降基本平稳；水解反应进行135min后，产物还原糖生成量逐渐趋于平稳。     

超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素动力学研究

为了掌握超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的动力学特性,在前期超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的研究基础上,利用拟一级反应动力学方程对超声波影响因素中超声波功率、频率及温度降解苹果汁中展青霉素的试验数据进行拟合,确定相关参数,进一步建立各影响因素降解速率常数与相关影响因子之间的关系方程。结果表明:超声波功率对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波功率为490 W时,降解率最大;功率降解速率常数kP与超声波功率的方程为kP=6×10-5P-0.011 7。超声波频率对展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波频率为45 k Hz时,降解率最大;频率降解速率常数kf与超声波频率f的关系方程为kf=-8×10-4f2+0.111 9f-2.512 6。温度对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,温度为30℃时,降解率最大;温度降解速率常数kT与温度T的关系方程为kT=-1×10-4T2+0.006 1T-0.076 9。     

城市土壤的压实退化及其环境效应

城市土壤普遍存在严重的压实退化现象。由于压实的影响,土壤物理性质发生了显著的改变:结构破坏、容重和硬度增大、孔隙度和渗透性降低。这些重要的变化对土壤生物活动、土壤物理-化学平衡和氧化还原状况、土壤的过滤和缓冲性能都产生影响。由此对环境产生严重的负面效应:地下水的自然回灌减少,地表径流量增加,降雨的径流洪峰加快、加大,地表水体的污染负荷增加。土壤温度、微生物活动、养分转化都不同于自然土壤,植物的生长也受到严重的影响。     

Mineralization of hydroxylated isoproturon metabolites produced by fungi

When exposed to the herbicide isoproturon, some soil fungi in pure culture metabolize the substance to hydroxylated metabolites. Hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon have also been detected in soil studies. In an agricultural soil not previously exposed to isoproturon we found that the hydroxylated isoproturon metabolite N-(4-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl)-N′,N′-dimethylurea mineralized faster than both isoproturon and its N-demethylated metabolite N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N′-methylurea (MDIPU), thus indicating that mineralization of isoproturon is stimulated by fungal hydroxylation in this soil. In soils previously treated with isoproturon, in contrast, isoproturon and both its hydroxylated and demethylated metabolites mineralized at almost the same rate with up to 52% of the ¹⁴C-ring-carbon being degraded to ¹⁴CO₂ within 63 days. Thus hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon do not seem to be more persistent than isoproturon, and hence may degrade before they can leach from topsoil and contaminate the aquatic environment. While an isoproturon-mineralizing bacterium Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 and a MDIPU-mineralizing mixed bacterial culture were able to deplete the medium of hydroxylated metabolites, little or no mineralization took place. This indicates that other bacteria must be present in the soil that are able to benefit from isoproturon being made available to mineralization by fungal hydroxylation.     

双台子河口“红海滩”退化初探

采用海水监测、翅碱蓬野外调查和盆栽试验方法,研究了双台子河口“红海滩”翅碱蓬群落退化原因,特别是翅碱蓬退化死亡与土壤盐分的关系。结果表明:翅碱蓬生长适宜的土壤盐分含量在10g kg-1~16g kg-1之间,初步认为由于滩涂土壤盐分升高产生盐害是引起双台子河口“红海滩”翅碱蓬群落退化死亡的主要原因。