土壤中磺胺类抗生素的检测方法优化及残留、降解研究

优化了磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM1)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMT)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)4种磺胺类抗生素的高效液相色谱(H PLC)检测方法,分析了广州市养殖场周边土壤中磺胺类抗生素的残留特征,并进行了2种磺胺类抗生素的土壤降解试验。结果表明,4种磺胺类抗生素分别在0.10~10μg ml-1范围内线性良好,相关系数R>0.99。确定了最佳提取液为甲醇:含EDTA的Mcllvain缓冲液=1∶1(V/V),4种磺胺类药物的检测限与回收率分别为2.9~4.7μg kg-1、83.6%～90.1%。广州市18个规模化养殖场周边土壤中磺胺类抗生素污染以SM2为主,含量为1.75μgkg-1,其它3种均未被检出。土壤中磺胺类抗生素的含量总体呈随培养时间而不断下降的趋势,SMZ的降解速率大于SM2。     

衍生化气相色谱法分析降解液中麦草畏含量的研究

[目的]建立衍生化气相色谱定量测定麦草畏的方法。[方法]以五氟苄基溴为衍生剂,乙醚为萃取剂,正十六烷为内标物,使用DB-WAX毛细管柱和FID检测器对麦草畏含量进行测定,并首次对微生物降解液中麦草畏含量进行了测定。[结果]在麦草畏浓度为0～240μg/ml时方法的线性回归方程为:y=3.957x+0.015,相关系数为0.999 0,线性关系良好。方法的相对标准偏差为1.51%,平均回收率在98.5%～101.8%,精密度和准确度较好。[结论]该方法适合于微生物降解液中麦草畏含量的测定,能够满足检测工作的要求。     

一株阿特拉津降解菌株L-1的鉴定和降解特性研究

[目的]鉴定1株阿特拉津(ATZ)降解菌株,并对其降解特性进行研究。[方法]通过对取自城市污水处理厂的污泥进行驯化培养,分离能够降解除草剂ATZ的菌株;通过16S rDNA基因序列分析及生理生化试验对菌株进行鉴定,并对其室内降解效果进行优化。[结果]试验分离到1株能降解ATZ的菌株L-1,该菌株与Arthrobacter菌株基因相似,同源性达99%以上,结合生理生化方法,确定该菌株为节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.);L-1降解ATZ时培养基的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳加入量为3 g/L。在此条件下,将L-1接种于阿特拉津无机盐培养基(ATZ浓度为500 mg/L)96 h后降解率达94.8%。[结论]该研究为进一步研究ATZ降解菌株及其在ATZ微污染水体生物修复中的应用奠定了基础。     

Habitat and food choice of the critically endangered cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) in China: Implications for conservation

Knowledge of habitat and feeding ecology is essential for developing an effective conservation management plan for threatened primates. Despite having been rediscovered nearly a decade ago, very little is known of the critically endangered cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) or its habitat. We analysed forest cover, made direct observations and conducted interviews of local elders to better understand forest changes and to determine the forest characters and species important to the survival of the gibbon. Interviews indicated human-induced forest resource exploitation focused on species-specific and larger trees most easily accessed. Gibbon forest habitat comprised four primary forest types. The mean canopy height over the whole site was 10.52 m. Gibbons consumed 81, or nearly half of the tree and liana species recorded in the site; however, only 19 species provide 77.8% of the diet. Six of the 19 food species were logged for different reasons throughout the history of the site. We conclude that effective conservation management of primates with highly limited distributions, focused dietary needs, and in degraded ecosystems will require active forest restoration, such as planting important food species in degraded sites.     

土壤中木质素的研究进展

木质素是地球上最丰富的芳香族化合物,是土壤中非常稳定的有机组分,也是影响土壤有机碳循环的重要物质,因此,研究木质素在农田土壤中的积累对于土壤碳素的循环过程以及土壤有机碳的截获具有十分重要的意义。本文对土壤中木质素的分类和来源、测定及表征方法进行了综合介绍,并着重评述了木质素对于土壤有机碳循环的贡献、在土壤中的保持机制及影响木质素在土壤中降解和积累特性的因素,以期为我国开展土壤木质素的相关研究提供理论参考。     

Effects of physicochemical interactions and microbial activity on the persistence of Cry1Aa Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxin in soil

Genetically modified crops, that produce Cry insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), release these toxins into soils through root exudates and upon decomposition of residues. The fate of these toxins in soil has not yet been clearly elucidated. Persistence can be influenced by biotic (degradation by microorganisms) and abiotic factors (physicochemical interactions with soil components, especially adsorption). The aim of this study was to follow the fate of Cry1Aa Bt toxin in contrasting soils subjected to different treatments to enhance or inhibit microbial activity, in order to establish the importance of biotic and abiotic processes for the fate of Bt toxin. The toxin was efficiently extracted from each soil using an alkaline buffer containing a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a nonionic surfactant, Tween 20. The marked decline of extractable toxin after incubation of weeks to months was soil-dependent. The decrease of extractable toxin with incubation time was not related to microbial degradation but mainly to physicochemical interactions with the surfaces that may decrease immunochemical detectability or enhance protein fixation. Hydrophobic interactions may play an important role in determining the interaction of the toxin with surfaces.     

Deg2蛋白酶在拟南芥光损伤D1降解及光保护中的作用

己有研究表明叶绿体内有200种蛋白酶,然而,多数蛋白酶的作用机制尚不清楚,尤其哪些蛋白酶参与了D1蛋白周转。其中Deg2蛋白酶体外实验证明,其参与了光损伤D1蛋白的的初步剪切。为了进一步研究Deg2蛋白酶在植物体内的作用机制,我们筛选了拟南芥De醇蛋白酶功能缺陷型突变体。在120μmol·m-2：·S^-1光照生长条件下,出萨突变体与野生型的生长曲线基本一致;在进一步的高光胁迫（1800μmol·m-2·S^-1）处理及相同的光胁迫处理条件下,无论林可霉素存在与否,突变体PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）都和野生型没有区别;利用蛋白免疫印迹实验同样证明了光损伤D1蛋白的降解速度在cfe霞突变体和野生型之间也没有明显区别。我们认为Deg2蛋白酶在光抑制情况下对于光损伤D1蛋白的降解以及PsⅡ的修复不是必需的。     

酞酸酯类增塑剂对土壤─作物系统的影响

本研究揭示了酞酸酯类增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）在土壤中的持留动态,降解动力学特征及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明：试验温度越低,ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ的持留性越强;ＤＥＨＰ在土壤中的持留性受温度的影响程度比ＤＢＰ更为突出。随土壤水份含量增加,代停工物持留性降低,二者在土壤中的降解可用一级反应动力学方程Ｃ＝Ｃ０ｅ＾－ｋｔ进行描述（Ｃ０初始浓度,Ｋ速度常数,ｔ时间）。ＤＥ     

Effects of repeated metolachlor applications on its persistence in field soil and degradation kinetics in mixed microbial cultures

 The persistence of metolachlor, a soil-applied herbicide, was studied under field conditions involving repeated herbicide applications. The test field received four applications of metolachlor over an 8-month period, which included two cropping seasons. There was a trend for more rapid rates of degradation with increasing numbers of previous treatments, with fifty percent dissipation time (DT₅₀) of metolachlor declining from 18 days in the first spray to 2.5 days in the fourth spray. An effort was made to isolate the microbial population which had become acclimated to the herbicide from this field soil. A fungal community isolated from this soil showed the capacity to degrade up to 99.6% of the metolachlor within a span of 20 days. The bacterial community isolated could also degrade up to 81.5% of the metolachlor. Hence, this study clearly indicated that repeated applications of metolachlor to soil resulted in the generation of an adapted microbial population with an enhanced ability to degrade the applied herbicide. Received: 13 November 1998     

非均相Fenton试剂降解苯酚废水的条件优化

[目的]研究非均相Fenton试剂降解苯酚废水的最优条件。[方法]以活性炭作为载体,制备非均相的Fenton试剂(载铁活性炭与H2O2构成),通过催化剂投加量、pH、反应时间、H2O2∶Fe3+4个因素在5个水平下的正交试验,探讨了降解模拟苯酚废水的最优条件。[结果]催化剂投加量为25 mg/L、pH为4、反应时间为80 min、H2O2∶Fe3+为11.1∶5时,模拟废水中苯酚的去除率较高,达到97.7%。[结论]该研究为实际的苯酚废水处理提供了理论依据。