化学物质在土壤中的持留释放与运移

本总结了描述化学物质在土壤中的持留／释放的平衡模型与动力学模型及描述化学物质运移的ＣＤＥ模型与ＭＩＭ模型，并对相关的实验方法进行了总结。     

有机南和游离铁对湘南红壤表面电荷性质的影响

用以氧水破坏土壤有机质和用ＤＣＢ（连二亚硫酸钠／柠檬酸钠／重碳酸钠）脱铁等方法研究湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育的土壤的表面电荷性质，结果表明：去除土壤有机质，使红壤胶体表面的 子交换量（ＡＥＣ）增加，可变负电荷量（ＣＥＣＶ）降低，在多数情况下共永久负电荷量（ＣＥＣＰ）增加；脱游离化铁使红壤ＡＥＣ减少，ＣＥＣＰ增加，ＣＥＣＹ增减不一，笔者认为，这与土壤胶体组分之间的相互作用有关。     

柑桔抗溃疡病品种叶细胞膜脂组分的研究

柑桔溃疡病（ｃｉｔｒｕｓｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｃａｎｋｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＣＢＣＤ）是由ＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰｖ．ｃｉｔｒｉ（ＸＣＣ）引发的。本研究检测了抗ＣＢＣＤ柑桔品种和对Ｘｃｃ敏感品种叶细胞膜脂组分及含量。抗病品种及敏感品种之叶细胞膜脂种类相似，主要为磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（ＰＥ）、磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）和磷脂酰肌醇（ＰＩ），其中ＰＣ和ＰＥ占总量的７５％以上，尤以ＰＣ居首。抗病品种ＰＣ、ＰＥ、ＰＧ、ＰＩ总含量（１．２４～１．６５ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）明显小于敏感品种（２．３２～５．０８ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）；抗病品种磷脂分子中的不饱和脂肪酸（油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸）与饱和脂肪酸（软脂酸和硬脂酸）的比率也小于敏感品种。抗ＣＢＣＤ品种和对ＸＣＣ敏感品种的叶细胞膜都含有显量的游离甾醇（０．５９～１．０１ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）和痕量的甾醇酯。检出的游离甾醇主要有β－谷甾醇、菜油甾醇和羊毛甾醇，其中以β－谷甾醇含量最高，占总甾醇量的６０％以上。抗病品种的游离β－谷甾醇比敏感品种高３０％左右。各抗病品种叶细胞膜脂中的游离甾醇与总磷脂的比率（０．５２～０．７４）均显著高于敏感品种（０．１２～０．２８）。     

邻苯二甲酸酯对蔬菜幼苗的影响

本研究了塑料增塑料ＤＢＰ，ＤＥＨＰ对西红柿，辣椒，四季豆，黄瓜，萝卜，西葫芦，豌豆，小青菜，大白菜，花菜等十种蔬菜幼苗的毒害作用，认为ＤＢＰ对叶片上的漂白作用比ＤＥＨＰ大。不同蔬菜ＤＢＰ敏感顺序为：瓜类＞白菜类＞绿叶菜类＞根菜类＞茄果类及豆类。ＤＥＨＰ浓度为２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上对西葫芦，黄瓜和花菜有影响，对其它蔬菜无明显影响。     

生长因子对卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎体外发育的影响

为了探讨生长因子（ＥＧＦ，ＰＤＧＦ）对牛卵母细胞体外成熟与早期胚胎体外发育的影响，本研究进行了两个实验。实验１：在卵母细胞体外成熟（ＩＶＭ）中，将卵母细胞平均随机的放入表皮生长因子浓度为０，２．５，２５，５０μｇ／Ｌ的成熟培养液和对照组中。实验２：在早期胚胎体外培养（ＩＶＣ）过程中，将受精卵平均随机分配入５个不同培养液的处理组：（１）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋１０％阉公牛血清（ＳＳ）；（２）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＥＧＦ＋ＰＤＧＦ；（３）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＥＧＦ；（４）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＰＤＧＦ；（５）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋无生长因子、其中ＥＧＦ：５０μｇ／Ｌ，ＰＤＧＦ：０．１μｇ／Ｌ。２，３，４，５组有０．１％ＰＶＡ和０．３％ＢＳＡ，并与颗粒细胞单层协同培养。卵母细胞的体外成熟（ＩＶＭ）、体外受精（ＩＶＦ）和早期胚胎体外培养（ＩＶＣ）的方法与Ｌｕ等（１９８７）报道的相同。结果表明：浓度为５０μｇ／Ｌ的处理组分裂率与对照组无差异（８９．０％，９２．４％，Ｐ＞０．０５），而浓度为０，２．５，２５μｇ／Ｌ的处理组分裂率均显著低于对照组（７８．６％，８２．３％，８４．３％，Ｐ＜０．０５），在囊胚率和第７ｄ一级胚胎率上各组均无差异。ＥＧＦ在体     

被土壤吸附的六价铬的最佳提取剂的选取

通过研究土壤中磷酸盐与Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的竞争吸附作用，查明０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４溶液是提取被土壤吸附的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的最佳提取剂。     

苯并（α）芘在土壤和水稻中降解和存在形态

土壤薄板层析测定苯并（α）芘（ＢａＰ）的Ｒｆ值小于０．１，在土壤中ＢａＰ属于不迁移性有机化合物，土壤中ＢａＰ被降解成极性化合物（占总＾１４Ｃ－ＢａＰ２３．５％）水溶形式（占１．７％）和非极性形式（占３８．４％）。土壤＾１４－Ｂａｐ组合态占３６．４％。土壤表层（０～１ｃｍ）＾１４Ｃ－ＢａＰ为０．１％，水稻苗期对ＢａＰ吸收速度快，且数量大，拔节期间吸收转缓，分蘖期后吸收达平衡。水稻体内＾１４Ｃ－ＢａＰ     

SB／D联合浸提剂—ICP光谱仪联用技术在养分和有毒元素有效性测试中的应用

通过对华北平原２４个石灰性土壤（褐土、褐潮土、潮土）的研究表明，ＩＣＰ光谱仪可准确地分析ＮａＨＣＯ３－ＤＴＰＡ（即ＳＢ／Ｄ）联合浸提剂所浸提的Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ｓ，Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｂ１０种养分元素和Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ａｓ，Ｓｅ４种有毒元素的含量，用ＳＢ／Ｄ联合浸提剂－ＩＰＣ光谱仪联用技术测定上述元素在各供试土壤中的有效含量，与分栽试验中空白处理的植物地上部化学元素吸收量，常规化学分析方法的测定     

甘薯羽状斑驳病毒外壳蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及特异抗血清的制备

根据已报道的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（ＳＰＦＭＶ）外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因的核苷酸序列合成引物,利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的方法获得ＣＰ基因后,再将其克隆到原核表达载体ｐＥＴ３０ａ（＋）中。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,ＣＰ基因在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）ｐＬｙｓＳ中获得了高效表达。以含表达产物的凝胶为抗原,免疫家兔,制备了ＳＰＦＭＶ外壳蛋白的特异性抗血清。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ和点免疫（Ｄｏｔｂｏ     

氨化与微贮处理甘蔗叶梢饲喂水牛试验

选用１８头水牛随机分为氨化、微贮和对照三组,每组６头,分别饲喂氨化、微贮和对照甘蔗叶,探讨不同处理甘蔗叶对水牛日增重和瘤胃内４８ｈ降解率影响。结果表明：在精料相同条件下,喂氨化甘蔗叶组水牛日增重和经济效益与对照组比较差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）,微贮甘蔗叶与对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且经过处理甘蔗叶采食量增加,粗纤维（ＣＦ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）含量下降,在瘤胃内４８ｈ的干物质（ＤＭ）、粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）降解率均有不同程度提高,尤以氨化处理效果最佳。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在不同类型土壤-植物系统中的累积特征研究

选用黄棕壤和红壤,用土壤老化和上海青（Brassica campestris）盆栽试验研究了邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（Di-butyl Phthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（D（i2-ethylhexyl）Phthalate,DEHP）在土壤-植物系统中的分布规律。土壤老化试验表明,DBP和DEHP在土壤中的吸附量随着老化时间的增加,呈现开始（0-10 d）老化速率较快,而后（10-30 d）老化速率减小并且老化总量趋于稳定的趋势。盆栽试验结果表明,在红壤上植物体内DBP/DEHP含量（DBP：0.576-2.750 mg.kg-1;DEHP：9.369-33.256 mg.kg-1）与土壤污染浓度呈正相关,生物量与土壤污染浓度呈负相关;而在黄棕壤上,上海青的生物量并不随着土壤DBP/DEHP的添加量的升高而变化,植物体内DBP/DEHP的含量（DBP：0.212-0.401 mg.kg-1;DEHP：0.421-0.490 mg.kg-1）远低于红壤的相同污染浓度处理。在黄棕壤上,上海青对DBP/DEHP的BCF值介于0.061-1.041之间;而在红壤上,BCF值均大于1.0（介于1.175-15.695之间）,具有一定的生物富集作用。通过试验还估算了红壤上DBP/DEHP的临界浓度为6.932-11.718 mg.kg-1,可为建立生态效应预警指标提供参考。     

Acinetobacter sp. LMB-5对邻苯二甲脂的降解及对其中酯酶性质的研究

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are extensively applied in industry, and they migrate to environment during the process of production,employ, and treatment and are difficult to be degraded in nature. However, some microorganisms could use them as the carbon source to growth. In this study, an Acinetobacter sp. strain LMB-5, capable of utilizing PAEs, was isolated from a vegetable greenhouse soil.The degradation capability of strain LMB-5 was also investigated by incubation in mineral salt medium containing different PAEs,dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP). The strain could grow well with DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP. When the concentration of DBP increased from 100 to 400 mg L~(-1), the half-life extended from 9.5 to 15.5 h. In the concentration range of DBP, the degradation ability of strain LMB-5 could be described by first-order kinetics. During the biodegradation of DBP, three intermediates, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,butyl methyl ester, DMP,and phthalic acid(PA) were detected, and the proposed pathway of DBP was identified. By analysis of bioinformatics, one esterase was cloned from the genome of LMB-5 and expressed in Escherichia coli. It displayed an ability to break the ester bonds of DBP. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 40℃ with DBP as the substrate. It was activated by Cu~(2+) and Fe~(3+) and had a high activity in the presence of low concentrations of methanol or dimethylsulfoxide(each 10%, volume:volume). The Acinetobacter sp. strain LMB-5 may make a contribution to the remediation of soils polluted by PAEs in the future.     

Effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on microbial biomass C and enzymatic activities in soil

The effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at five different doses from 10 to 1000 mg kg⁻¹ soil on biological properties were investigated over a period of 56 days. Meanwhile, the dissipation of DEHP was also monitored. The results indicated that the microbial biomass C (C_mic) fluctuated at around 70 mg kg⁻¹ soil for the control, whereas the C_mic varied significantly for the soil samples contaminated by DEHP. The catalase activities in all five treatments were stimulated at most time, and the activities of phosphatase in the soils treated by DEHP with 500 mg kg⁻¹ or 1000 mg kg⁻¹ were significantly higher than the other treatments from the 20th day. Urease was more sensitive and inhibited significantly during the initial period of incubation. Additionally, the dose–response relationship of invertase was presented in the later phase of incubation. The activities of urease and invertase might indicate soil perturbations caused by the introduction of DEHP. The dissipation of DEHP was found to follow the pseudo first-order kinetics behavior.     

二(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌的分离和鉴定及其在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

Di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate（DEHP） is a high-molecular-weight phthalate ester（PAE） that has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinylchloride and contributes to environmental pollution.The objectives of the present study were to isolate a DEHP degrader that can utilize DEHP as a carbon source and to investigate its capacity to biodegrade DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.A bacterial strain WJ4 was isolated from an intensively managed vegetable soil,which was contaminated with PAEs.The strain WJ4 was affiliated to the genus Rhodococcus and was able to remove DEHP from soil effectively.A period of only 7 d was required to degrade about 96.4%of DEHP(200 mg L^-1) in the liquid culture,and more than 55%of DEHP(1.0 g kg^-1) in the artificially contaminated soil was removed within 21 d.Furthermore,Rhodococcus sp.strain WJ4 had a strong ability to degrade DEHP without additional nutrients in liquid minimal medium culture and DEHP-contaminated soil and to degrade the homologue of DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.Strain WJ4 represents a novel tool for removing PAEs from contaminated soils and it may have great potential for application in the remediation of environmental pollution by PAEs.     

不同添加浓度DEHP在黑土中的降解特点及对酶活性的影响

[目的]本研究以邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为目标化合物,采用室内培养试验的方法,对不同浓度梯度的DEHP在黑土中的降解过程和对土壤酶活性影响进行了研究.[方法]在DEHP降解试验中,使添加到黑土中的 DEHP 浓度分别为0 mg kg-1、5 mg kg-1、10mg kg-1、20 mg kg-1、...     

Enhanced dissipation of DEHP in soil and simultaneously reduced bioaccumulation of DEHP in vegetable using bioaugmentation with exogenous bacteria

The widely used plastic film containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in agriculture has caused serious soil pollution and poses risks to human health through the food chain. An effective DEHP degradation bacteria, Microbacterium sp. J-1, was newly isolated from landfill soil. Response surface methodology was successfully employed for optimization resulting in 96% degradation of DEHP (200 mg L^?1) within 5 days. This strain degraded DEHP by hydrolysis of the ester bond and hydroxylation of the aromatic ring to form 2-ethyl hexanol, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phthalate acid, and protocatechuic acid, and subsequently transformed these compounds with a maximum specific degradation rate (q _max), half-saturation constant (K _s ), and inhibition constant (K _i ) of 1.46 day^?1, 180.2 mg L^?1, and 332.8 mg L^?1, respectively. Bioaugmentation of DEHP-contaminated soils with the strain J-1 greatly enhanced the DEHP dissipation rate (~88%). Moreover, this strain could efficiently colonize the rhizosphere soil of inoculated vegetables and further enhanced DEHP degradation (~97%), leading to a significant decrease (>70%) in DEHP accumulation in shoots and roots of the inoculated vegetables compared to uninoculated vegetables. The results highlighted the roles of the inoculated exogenous bacteria in simultaneously bioremediating contaminated soils and reducing bioaccumulation of DEHP in the edible part of the vegetable for food safety.     

Contrasting plant–microbe interrelations on soil Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and pyrene degradation by three dicotyledonous plant species

Plants and associated microbial communities can actively participate in the biodegradation of organic pollution. Potexperiments were conducted to explore the plant–microbe interrelations on Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and pyrene degradation in a soil culture system. Three dicotyledonous plant species, Ceylon spinach (Gynuracusimbua (D. Don) S. Moore), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and Shuidong mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.var. foliosa Bailey), were cultivated for 45 days in DEHP and pyrene co-contaminated soils using three initial content levels: 0 (T₀), 20 (T₂₀) and 50 mg?kg^?1 (T₅₀) with no plants (NP) as control. The results demonstrated that Shuidong mustard biomass and sunflower biomass had significantly positive correlations with the removal rate of DEHP (P?.05), respectively, while Ceylon spinach biomass has no significant correlation with the removal rate of DEHP. Shuidong mustard–actinomycetes and Ceylon spinach–actinomycetes accelerated the removal rate of pyrene, and sunflower–gram-positive bacteria could also enhance the removal rate of pyrene. Our results suggest that a better understanding of plant–microbe interrelations could be exploited to enhance the phytoremediation of organic co-contaminated soils.     

甜菜牧草体系对土壤中种邻苯二甲酸酯的修复研究

通过室内盆栽试验,研究了甜菜与黑麦草、苜蓿、苏丹草分别间作及4种植物各自单作对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）二酯（DEHP）4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的植物修复效果。结果表明：与空白对照相比,种植植物的修复效果更好;苜蓿单作与间作都有较好的修复效果,其中甜菜/苜蓿间作PAEs的去除率最高,可达66.48%;植物单作与间作相比,间作的修复效果高于单作,间作增强土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性,从而促进了根际微生物对PAEs的降解;就单一污染物来说,DBP和DEHP在污染土壤和植物茎叶中的浓度较其他两种污染物高,两者在土壤中的去除率也较高,其中DEHP为最高,均可达50%以上,DBP的去除率也在40%以上;DEHP在植物茎叶中的生物富集系数明显较低,且单作低于间作,而DBP和BBP的生物富集系数较高。可选择苜蓿作为土壤中PAEs修复的一种高效修复植物,植物间作相对于单作有更好的修复效率,也可更高效地利用土地资源,因此可优先选择作为植物修复的一种种植模式。     

中国蔬菜农业邻苯二甲酸酯污染与人体健康累积风险评估

Phthalate esters(PAEs), which can disturb human endocrine system, have been widely detected in vegetable greenhouse agriculture in China. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on PAEs in soils, pollution sources were identified, and the cumulative risks of PAEs to humans through vegetables in the diet were evaluated in this study. Ninety-eight vegetable samples were collected from 10 markets along with 128 vegetable and 111 soil samples from agricultural greenhouses and open field. All soil and vegetable samples were contaminated with PAEs, and the total concentrations of the 5 PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate(DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), were in the ranges of 0.26–2.53 mg kg~(-1) for soils and 0.95–8.09 mg kg~(-1) for vegetables. Three components extracted from principle component analysis could explain 51.2%, 19.8%, and 15.3% of the total variance of the 5 PAEs in soils, which may represent three major sources of PAEs, i.e., wastewater irrigation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, and plastic film. Long-term greenhouse cultivation could accumulate DEHP in soils, and a higher soil Fe Ox content reduced the Dn BP concentration. Based on a survey of vegetables in the diet, the hazard index of PAEs was 0.15 for individuals in different cities. The exposure of PAEs through vegetable intake was higher than the total exposure from other food stuffs, inhalation, and dermal absorption. More attention should be given to controlling PAEs in greenhouse vegetables.     

Effects of Dibutyl phthalate and phthalic acid on chlorosis recovery in iron‐deficiency stressed sorghum cultivars

The effects of DBP (Dibutyl phthalate) and PA (Phthalic acid) supplied to the nutrient medium of Fe‐deficiency stressed sorghum cultivars, CSH‐5, 2077‐A, and CS‐3541 were examined. It was found that both the chemicals (50 mg/1) caused recovery of the cultivars CSH‐5 and 2077‐A in 4 days of treatment. Furthermore, the growth of roots, especially the adventitious roots, was increased by the chemicals.