小麦秸秆中生化他感化合物的研究概况

自然界存在着生化他感现象。本文对小麦秸秆生化他感现象、生化他感化合物和化合物的提取、分离、鉴定以及生测、影响其分泌的因素进行了较详细的阐述，并对国内外研究现状和应用前景进行了介绍。     

化感作用在杂草控制中的应用

杂草危害农作物的生长和发育,而大量施用除草剂会造成环境污染和增加杂草抗药性。利用植物相互间化感作用控制杂草非常有效,抑草植物通过释放化感物质并与杂草竞争生存环境,进而对杂草发芽和生长产生抑制作用。轮作、耕作等措施影响植物残茬化感物质的释放,造成抑草效果不同。化感育种是解决杂草危害的最有效途径,可使植物具有对杂草抑制作用的化感性状。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> straw restricts <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaris minor</Emphasis> growth: allelochemicals or soil resource manipulation?

Unharvested stubbles or harvested straw of rice (Oryza sativa L.) gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the seedling growth of crop plants. In this paper, we investigated whether rice straw, either through releasing allelochemicals and/or through manipulating soil properties, influences seedling growth of Phalaris minor Retz., a non-native weed largely restricted to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields. One hundred twenty grams of soil was amended with rice straw (0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 g/pot) and its effect on fresh shoot biomass of P. minor was examined. Any modification of rice straw phytotoxicity through the use of washed rice straw, activated charcoal, soil sterilization, or nitrogen fertilization was also studied. We carried out chemical and microbial analysis of soils to examine the role of soil properties in influencing P. minor growth. Incorporation of rice straw into soil suppressed the growth of P. minor through modifying soil properties. A dose-dependent increase in total phenolics was observed in soil amended with rice straw. Activated carbon or washing of rice straw, however, could not ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of rice straw. Our results provide initial evidence that rice straw restricts P. minor growth by manipulating soil chemical and microbiological properties. Authors contributions IJ conceived of and supervised the study, and wrote the paper; SK carried out the work.     

大蒜浸提液中化感物质对菜豆种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究大蒜浸提液对菜豆种=产萌发的化感作用强度。[方法]以乙醇为提取剂对大蒜进行提取,用大蒜浸提液处理4个菜豆品种（安蔬高产架豆王、赤裕五号、赤裕三号、抗病泰国新架豆王）,测定不同处理的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗长度、电导率和POD活性。[结果]大蒜浸提液对4个品种发芽率的抑制率都在20％以下,种子活力指数的抑制率均达80％以上,对幼苗长度的抑制率均达70％以上,对抗病泰国新架豆王发芽势和发芽指数的抑制率最大,分剐为71％和65％。经大蒜浸提液处理后,幼苗电导率和POD活性显著提高。安蔬高产架豆王和赤裕五号的POD活性分别提高了69％、68％。[结论]大蒜化感物质对菜豆种子萌发有较强地抑制作用。     

地黄根系分泌物生物活性研究及化感物质的鉴定

采用砂粒为培养地黄苗的基质,利用XAD-4柱循环收集地黄根系分泌物,通过对地黄、莴苣、芝麻、萝卜的生物测定,将有影响的组分进行GC-MS物质鉴定。研究结果显示:根系分泌物的酸性组分和中碱性组分对作物胚根和胚芽伸长都有抑制作用,随添加量的增加抑制加强,其中对萝卜胚根的影响表现为低促高抑。分别将两种组分进行GC-MS物质鉴定,发现在两种组分中都含有长链脂肪酸和阿魏酸等常见的化感物质。     

植物化感物质及其释放途径

生物体产生生物活性物质即化感物质在生物体之间传递信息并导致生物体相互作用,这称为化感作用。植物化感作用的研究近年来十分活跃,化感作用物质主要来自植物的次生代谢产物。该文介绍了化感作用的定义、化感物质种类及化感物质释放的途径     

Resistance of 57 greenhouse-grown accessions of Lycopersicon esculentum and three cultivars to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate resistance to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by antixenosis on 57 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. accessions from the Horticultural Germplasm Bank (HGB) of Universidade Federal de Viçosa and by the three commercial cultivars (Santa Clara, Moneymaker and TOM-601) under greenhouse conditions. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Infestations with T. absoluta adults were performed weekly and the following characteristics were evaluated: number of small, large and total mines/leaf and % of leaves mined at days 60, 75 and 90 after planting. Low infestation occurred at days 60 and 75 but at day 90, infestation was sufficient to evaluate insect damage. Based on these data it was concluded that only accessions HGB-674 and HGB-1497 appeared to be the most promising. In addition, to determine possible chemical causes of resistance, hexane extracts were analyzed at day 90 by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the major peaks identified by a mass spectral database using similarity index. Nine hydrocarbons, viz., hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane, tricosane, 2-methyltricosane, tetracosane, hexacosane, octacosane and triacontane were identified in the hexane extracts in many samples. Tricosane, tetracosane and hexacosane presented significant correlations with the leaves mined. Only tricosane presented a negative correlation with the number of small mines (r = −0.28), total number of mines (r = −0.27) and % of leaves mined (r = −0.22). However, tetracosane and hexacosane presented significant positive correlations (r = 0.25 and 0.24, respectively) with the % of leaves mined.     

免耕覆盖麦秸土壤中酚酸浓度的变化及酚酸对夏玉米早期生长的影响

室内和田间试验表明:麦秸的水浸提物对玉米的胚芽和胚根的生长有显著影响作用。小麦-玉米轮作区免耕覆盖的土壤中可以检测到4种酚酸:阿魏酸、香草酸、肉桂酸和对羟基苯甲酸,它们在土壤中的平均含量分别为(2.62～4.94)×10-5,(5.72～7.54)×10-5,(3.05～5.38)×10-5和(3.93～5.20)×10-5mol/L。它们在土壤中下降的速度很慢。室内检测阿魏酸、香草酸和对羟基苯甲酸抑制玉米的胚芽和胚根的生长,其抑制根伸长10%的浓度(ED10)分别是1.14,3.57和6.30mmol/L。     

西芹鲜根及根际区物化感物质成分鉴定

为探讨西芹鲜根及根际区物化感物质成分,利用柱层析法及GC-MS对西芹鲜根及根际区物不同浸提液二次层析后化感效应最佳流分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,西芹鲜根与根际区物乙醇浸提液二次层析后化感效应最佳流分的主要化感成分均为4-二甲氨基-2-甲基-1-苯基-丁-2-醇、8-十八烯酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、十八烷二烯酸甲酯;西芹鲜根与根际区物丙酮浸提液二次层析后化感效应最佳流分的主要化感成分为2-丙烯酸十五烷基酯;西芹鲜根与根际区物水浸提液二次层析后化感效应最佳流分的主要化感成分为十六烷基二甲基叔胺、14-甲基十五烷酸甲酯、六甲基环三硅氧烷、(E)-9-十八烯酸甲酯、蓖麻油酸甲酯、16-甲基十七烷酸甲酯。     

不同氮素水平下冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢对FACE的响应

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment, FACE)平台, 研究了低氮(LN)和常氮(NN)水平下, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢的影响.结果表明, CO2浓度升高对小麦叶片水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸含量的影响随供氮水平的不同而有所差异.低氮下小麦通过提高叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性(30.1%)而使其含量均显著增加, 增幅分别达33.7%、119.6%、26.7%、39.9%和28.6%; 而常氮下PAL活性和酚酸类含量变化均未达显著水平.可见, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦酚酸类物质代谢的影响受氮水平的调控, 在未来CO2浓度升高条件下, 选择适宜的施肥水平将显得更为重要.此外, 总酚含量与水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量变化趋势基本一致, 且总酚含量变化的79.6%～151.4%是由这几种酚酸含量变化引起的, 说明CO2浓度升高使水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量增加是总酚含量增加的直接原因.低氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高将通过改变酚酸类物质代谢而间接影响小麦与伴生杂草的关系.