中国石榴的研究进展

石榴属石榴科石榴属植物，为近年来我国发展迅速的小杂果类树种之一。本文结合有关文献对石榴的栽培历史、植物学分类、生物学特性、营养价值、栽培技术及开发利用前景进行了综述，以供相关人员参考。     

Identification of a phytoplasma associated with pomegranate little leaf disease in Iran

During 2012–2014 surveys for the presence of phytoplasma diseases in Fars province (Iran), pomegranate little leaf symptoms were observed in several orchards in Khafr and Neyriz areas. Samples collected from symptomatic plants positively reacted in nested PCR assays using P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs producing the expected 1,250 bp DNA fragments. Real and virtual RFLP analysis showed that the sequences of phytoplasma strains from Khafr and Neyriz (KPLL and NPLL strains, respectively) were identical to each other and belong to 16SrII phytoplasma group, subgroup D. Phylogenetic analysis of the R16F2n⁄R16R2 DNA region confirmed that KPLL and NPLL phytoplasmas were enclosed in the same clade as other 16SrII-D subgroup phytoplasmas. This is the first reported occurrence of a 16SrII phytoplasma infecting pomegranate trees.     

石榴DNA提取方法的比较及抗氧化剂对DNA质量的影响*

 比较了SDS-CTAB微量提取法和改进的SDS微量提取法提取的石榴叶片DNA质量，结果认为两种方法提取的DNA均可用于RAPD分析，但SDS微量提取法较适合于石榴叶片DNA的提取。试验中还研究了抗氧化剂PVP,α-巯基乙醇和抗坏血酸3种试剂单独使用及PVP与α-巯基乙醇混合使用对SDS-CTAB微量提取法的影响，发现与对照相比，单独加抗坏血酸及PVP与α-巯基乙醇混合使用能很好地防止DNA在提取过程中的褐化。     

具有拮抗作用的石榴内生菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]筛选对石榴枯萎病菌具有拮抗作用的内生生防菌.[方法]从采自云南蒙自的石榴叶片中分离并获得5株内生拮抗菌,通过测定其对甘薯长喙壳(Ceratocystis fimbriata)的抑菌能力筛选出1株具有高效拮抗作用的生防菌株Y2,对其进行抑菌谱测定及鉴定.[结果]经生理生化和16S rDNA序列测定表明Y2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).[结论]试验结果为石榴枯萎病的防治提供了理论依据.     

液膜果袋在石榴上的应用效果

石榴生产中存在果实感病较多,果面光洁度、色泽较差及农药残留量高等问题,套纸袋和塑膜袋各有缺点,为了探索新的套袋途径,对液膜果袋和纸制果袋、塑膜袋进行了对比试验。结果表明,喷施液膜果袋后的石榴果实比套纸袋、塑膜袋及对照的感病率低,果实着色指数及果面光洁度较高,单果重增加,果实六六六残留量低于套纸袋和塑膜袋。     

Rejuvenation influences indirect organogenesis from leaf explants of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) ‘Kandhari Kabuli’

Sequential subculturing leads to a gradual physiological change in cells that may be termed ‘rejuvenation’. The effect of repetitive subculturing on callus induction and shoot regeneration from leaf explants of Punica granatum L. ‘Kandhari Kabuli’ were investigated. Surface-sterilised leaves were cultured on 1.0× Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l^–1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg l^–1 6-benzyladenine (BA) for callus induction. Shoots were regenerated from callus on 1.0× MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l^–1 BA, 0.5 mg l^–1 kinetin, and 0.25 mg l^–1 NAA. Subculturing of callus onto fresh medium maintained the rate of shoot formation and substantially increased the production of shoot buds up to the second subculture. Following further subculture passages, a lower shoot regeneration potential from callus was observed. A maximum shoot bud induction from callus of 63.9% was observed at the second subculture passage. The rate of multiplication of in vitro shoots increased until the fourth subculture, then became constant. Similarly, in vitro rooting of micro-shoots increased up to the third subculture, followed by a decline during further subculturing.     

Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients and phenolics in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit

Pomegranate fruit is an important source of potentially healthy bioactive compounds and mineral nutrients. Changes in total phenolic compound, concentrations, and levels of macronutrients (P, K, N, Mg, Ca and Na) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B) in arils and peel of pomegranate fruit were recorded from 10 days after full bloom until harvest. Total phenolics levels increased at early stage of growth both in peel and arils of fruit, but thereafter generally decreased during maturation and reached to 3.70 and 50.22 mg g⁻¹ of dry weight in arils and peel, respectively, at harvest. The amount of total phenolics in peel was markedly higher than arils of pomegranate fruit. The concentration of most elements in arils and peel decreased during fruit growth and development. At harvest the relative order of concentration of macronutrients both in arils and peel was K > N > Ca > P > Mg > Na. The concentration of most micronutrients was greater in the arils than in the peel especially in early season. The relative order of concentration of micronutrients in arils was B > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn. The accumulation of all the macro- and microelement within the fruit also increased during fruit growth and development. These results provide important data on total phenolics and macro- and micronutrient changes during fruit growth and development, emphasizing that pomegranate fruit can be a good source of bioactive compounds and minerals.     

软籽石榴新品种‘红玉石籽’

 ‘红玉石籽’是从‘玉石籽’营养系变异中选育出的石榴新品种。果皮全面着色, 平均单果质量、百粒质量、可溶性固形物含量和出汁率分别比对照品种‘玉石籽’提高33.4%、16.8%、2.7%和3.0%。软籽, 核硬度3.31 kg/ cm²。植株抗褐斑病、干腐病, 丰产, 皖中地区9月中下旬果实成熟。     

核桃花石榴果酒的研制

[目的]研究一种新型果酒的制作方法,充分利用核桃花、石榴中丰富的营养及药用成分,减少资源浪费和环境污染。[方法 ]以核桃花、石榴全果及黑虎泉泉水为原料研制果酒,通过正交试验、理化指标和感官评价,优化原料配比和工艺条件。[结果]试验得到最佳原料配比和工艺条件为按核桃花∶石榴果肉和籽∶石榴皮∶水5∶8∶2∶375(g∶g∶g∶m L)的质量比例混合,经酶解、发酵酿制果酒,初始糖度为20°BX,p H为4.0,按料液总质量0.08%的接种量接种果酒酵母,在20℃温度下前发酵7 d,后发酵6 d,最终酒精度在6.0%左右。[结论]该产品具有丰富的营养价值和独特的保健功效,适合对酒精含量有一定要求的中老年人群。该生产工艺操作简单,可用于大规模产业化生产。同时也为利用率较低的自然资源的综合开发与利用提供一种新思路。     

石榴花蜂蜜中黄酮含量分析

[目的]测定并分析比较不同花期石榴花蜂蜜中黄酮类化合物含量。[方法]用丙酮作萃取剂,以芦丁为标准对照品,采用分光光度法测定了2011和2012年云南蒙自石榴花期采集的24个蜂蜜样品的总黄酮含量,并对各年不同生产批次蜂蜜黄酮含量进行比较。[结果]试验得出,2011年石榴花蜂蜜黄酮平均含量(23.60±1.36)mg/kg,显著高于2012年平均含量(17.10±0.53)mg/kg。同时得出,石榴不同花期生产的蜂蜜中黄酮含量不同,随花期变化而改变,盛花期高于初花期和末花期,初花期到盛花期含量升高,盛花期到末花期含量降低。[结论]研究可为石榴花蜂蜜的开发利用以及功能研究提供参考依据。