麦蚜对吡虫啉的敏感性及吡虫啉有效用量的评价

室内测定结果表明 ,禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉的敏感性比麦长管蚜高 ,其LC₅₀之比为1∶3左右。田间试验结果明确 ,吡虫啉持效性好 ,其持效期与吡虫啉用量和麦蚜种类有关。小麦穗蚜发生始盛期是吡虫啉防治麦蚜的最佳时期 ,防治禾谷缢管蚜最佳有效用药量为1g/667m²,麦长管蚜为2g/667m²。     

Development and fecundity ofSitobion avenae on some wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions

Nymphal development time and fecundity ofSitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were determined on nine widespread wheat varieties cultivated in Tekirdağ Region in Turkey. Tests were carried out in controlled environment chambers (25±1°C, 65±5% r.h.; 16:8, L:D). Development time (±S.E.) ranged from 5.75±0.25 to 7.20±0.20 days. Fecundity per female ofS. avenae was found to be the highest (12.87±1.50) on wheat cv. ‘Sana’. In this investigation cvs. ‘MV-17’, ‘Miryana’, ‘Pehlivan’ and ‘Saraybosna’ were particularly resistant againstS. avenae. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 8, 2002.     

The use of incidence counts for estimation of cereal aphid populations. 3. Population development and the incidencedensity relation

The relation between the population density of the cereal aphid,Sitobion avenae, and the proportion of wheat tillers infested is examined. Three of the six models considered require the assumption that the aphids' spatial configuration can be described by a single statistical distribution; as this is not true forS. avenae these models are unsuitable. When the other three models were applied to field sample data, only that of Nachman (1981) yielded a regression equation that remained constant throughout the development of the aphid population.Samenvatting Om in de praktijk gebruik te kunnen maken van incidentie (de fractie bezette halmen) voor het schatten van graanluispopulaties moet dezelfde relatie tussen dichtheid en incidentie tijdens het hele groeiseizoen gelden. Uit analyses van veldgegevens voor de graanluisSitobion avenae blijkt dat wel het geval te zijn, zodat bepalingen van incidentie kunnen worden gebruikt om de populatiedichtheid betrouwbaar te schatten.     

Resistance mechanisms and associated mutations in acetylcholinesterase genes in Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)

Wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae (fabricius), is one of the most important wheat pests and has been reported to be resistant to commonly used insecticides in China. To determine the resistance mechanism, the resistant and susceptible strains were developed in laboratory and comparably studied. A bioassay revealed that the resistant strain showed high resistance to pirimicarb (RR: 161.8), moderate reistance to omethoate (32.5) and monocrotophos (33.5), and low resistance to deltamethrin (6.3) and thiodicarb (5.5). A biochemistry analysis showed that both strains had similar glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, but the resistant strain had 3.8-fold higher esterase activity, and its AChE was insensitive to this treatment. The I₅₀ increased by 25.8-, 10.7-, and 10.4-folds for pirimicarb, omethoate, and monocrotophos, respectively, demonstrating that GST had not been involved in the resistance of S. avenae. The enhanced esterase contributed to low level resistance to all the insecticides tested, whereas higher resistance to pirimicarb, omethoate, and monocrotophos mainly depended on AChE insensitivity. However, the AChE of the resistant strain was still sensitive to thiodicarb (1.7-fold). Thus, thiodicarb could be used as substitute for control of the resistant S. avenae in this case. Furthermore, the two different AChE genes cloned from different resistant and susceptible individuals were also compared. Two mutations, L436(336)S in Sa.Ace1 and W516(435)R in Sa.Ace2, were found consistently associated with the insensitivity of AChE. They were thought to be the possible resistance mutations, but further work is needed to confirm this hypothesis.     

荻草谷网蚜ABCG1基因的克隆及表达模式分析

荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi是严重威胁我国小麦生产安全的迁飞性害虫。蜕皮激素是参与蚜虫翅型分化调控的内激素, 在有翅成蚜体内保持高滴度, 且诱导后代产生更高比例的无翅蚜, 其进出靶细胞需要经过细胞膜上特定蛋白的转运。ATP结合盒转运蛋白家族G亚家族(ATP-binding cassette transporter G, ABCG)中的 ABCG1是通过跨膜转运昆虫类固醇、对蜕皮激素信号进行负调控的功能蛋白之一, 在蚜虫中尚未见报道。本文克隆了荻草谷网蚜ABCG1(SmisABCG1)基因, 并进行了序列比对、系统进化分析以及不同组织部位和发育时期表达模式分析。结果显示, SmisABCG1基因的开放阅读框全长为1 851 bp, 编码616个氨基酸, 含7个跨膜结构域, 符合ABCG蛋白家族典型结构特性, 基因登录ID:OP626323。昆虫间ABCG1较保守, 该蛋白系统进化关系与各自物种间亲缘关系的远近保持一致。其中, SmisABCG1与来自豌豆蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、棉蚜、花生蚜和雪松长足大蚜等的ABCG1氨基酸序列高度一致(>87%), 以上蚜虫聚为一支。与SmisABCG1亲缘关系最近的是豌豆蚜的ABCG1, 其次是半翅目的褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱, 与膜翅目的新疆菜叶蜂、阿里山潜蝇茧蜂以及鞘翅目的赤拟谷盗、蜂箱小甲虫亲缘关系较远。该基因在伪胚胎和成蚜阶段高表达。包含伪胚胎的有翅、无翅成蚜整蚜SmisABCG1的转录水平无显著差异, 但其在来自有翅成蚜的伪胚胎中的转录水平高于无翅成蚜伪胚胎, 证实无翅成蚜自身的转录水平较高, 而有翅成蚜较低。进一步分析显示这一差异主要是无翅蚜胸部显著高表达所导致。基于该蛋白对蜕皮激素负调控, 与有翅成蚜转录水平低, 但蜕皮激素水平更高相符合。     

3种瓢虫对月季长管蚜与麦长管蚜的捕食功能反应

室内研究了七星瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫对月季长管蚜与麦长管蚜的捕食功能反应.结果表明,在25℃条件下,3种瓢虫的雌成虫对月季长管蚜与麦长管蚜野生种群的捕食功能反应类型为HollingⅡ型.利用麦夸特迭代算法进行Holling＆#39;s圆盘方程分析表明,3种瓢虫对两种蚜虫捕食效率较高.对两种蚜虫处理时间最短的是七星瓢虫,对月季长管蚜攻击系数最高的为异色瓢虫,而对麦长管蚜攻击系数最高的则为七星瓢虫.     

麦蚜取食行为特殊刺探电位波形图(EPG)研究初报

研究了麦长管蚜(Sitobionavenae.Fab.)、禾谷缢管蚜(RhopalosiphumPadi)在不同小麦上的刺探行为,发现了一些特殊的刺探电位波形(EPG),即点G波,E0波和两种F波,并就其可能的生物学意义进行了探讨。初步认为,点G波是蚜虫在刺探途径阶段(C波阶段)的试探性主动吸食过程;E0波是蚜虫口针即将到达韧皮部时短暂的判断、休息和适应过程;一种F波是蚜虫在木质部主动吸食受阻的一种过渡波;另一种F波与蚜虫口针在植物组织中遇阻后的重复回撤与刺探行为有关。结果表明,EPG波形不仅有其稳定性,同时也有其多样性。     

麦长管蚜单克隆抗体及其特性研究

 【目的】制备麦长管蚜单克隆抗体，为进一步研究麦蚜的捕食性天敌种类奠定基础。【方法】应用杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体；双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法（ELISA）鉴定抗体类型及亚类；间接ELISA测定抗体特异性；SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Western blot印迹分析确定抗体结合蛋白。【结果】制备出2株高度特异性的麦长管蚜单克隆抗体，分别命名为EGA-1E8和EGA-4H11，分别属于IgM亚类和IgG2b亚类。麦长管蚜抗原由多种多肽组成，其中单克隆抗体EGA-4H11与麦长管蚜抗原54.2 kD的多肽结合。特异性试验表明，这2种抗体不与麦田中其他种类的昆虫和蜘蛛发生交叉反应。【结论】成功地制备了麦长管蚜单克隆抗体，为进一步研究麦蚜的捕食性天敌种类奠定了可靠的基础。     

10个小麦品种（材料）对麦长管蚜的室内苗期抗蚜性*

［目的］ 明确不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)的室内苗期抗性。［方法］ 在温室内采用每株小麦接种1头蚜虫的方法,测定了麦长管蚜在来源于3个国家的10个小麦品种上的发育历期（DD）、相对日均体重增长量（MRGR）和成虫日均产仔数（Rm）,以此来确定不同小麦品种（材料）的抗蚜性。［结果］ 应用多元方差分析,多目标综合判别及聚类分析等方法分析表明,麦长管蚜在‘Ww2730’、‘98 10 30’、‘Astron’上的适应性最差,这几个品种对其抗性最好,是可以利用的抗性品种（材料）;‘98 10 35’、‘98 10 32’次之;‘Batis’对麦长管蚜的适应性最好,抗性最差;‘186Tm’,‘Xanthus’,‘Amigo’对麦长管蚜适应性较好,与作为对照的‘小偃 22’一样,抗性处在中间水平。［结论］ 研究结果可以为进一步的抗蚜育种提供依据。     

3种蚜虫在大麦上生命表参数的研究

[目的]比较3种蚜虫在大麦上的种群参数差异.[方法]以大麦为寄主,在温度为(23±1)℃的人工气候室条件下比较玉米蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3种蚜虫的生长发育和种群增长差异.[结果]3种蚜虫若虫历期(7.63 ～8.50 d)、成虫寿命(11.23～13.89 d)以及存活率均无显著性差异,若蚜存活率较高,变为成蚜后存活率明显下降,呈典型Ⅰ型.3种蚜虫有翅蚜比例大小为玉米蚜＜禾谷缢管蚜＜麦长管蚜,繁殖力顺序与有翅蚜比例相反.玉米蚜净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)最高,分别为51.40、0.31、1.36,麦长管蚜最低,分别为24.63、0.24、1.28.[结论]3种蚜虫在大麦上的适生性大小顺序为玉米蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦长管蚜.