改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B_1和玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附研究

本试验旨在探究4种不同改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉B1(AFB1)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的体外吸附性能。采用体外吸附试验,在霉菌毒素污染的喷浆玉米皮中添加4种改性蒙脱石,检测AFB1和ZEN的浓度变化,以探究不同种类及不同添加比例改性蒙脱石对AFB1和ZEN的吸附作用。结果表明:4种改性蒙脱石对AFB1和ZEN均有显著吸附作用,其中膨润土经十八烷基三甲基氯化铵改性制备的复合改性蒙脱石II型对AFB1和ZEN的吸附效果最好,在添加量为1%时,对AFB1和ZEN的吸附率分别为62.60%和43.38%。在本体外试验条件下,4种改性蒙脱石对喷浆玉米皮中AFB1和ZEN均具有吸附作用,可以降低喷浆玉米皮中的霉菌毒素含量,为改性蒙脱石在饲料脱毒剂的使用提供参考。     

LC-MS/MS测定四大南药中黄曲霉毒素含量

[目的]采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪（LC-MS/MS）,在多反应监测（MRM）模式下建立了四大南药中黄曲霉毒素（AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2）含量的测定方法.[方法]试样中的黄曲霉毒素经甲醇/水（70/30）提取,黄曲霉毒素免疫亲和柱净化,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,外标法定量.[结果]该方法的检出限（LOD）为0.2～0.5 μg/kg,线性范围为0～50 μg/L,相关系数R2腰均大于0.999;在2～50μg/ks的添加水平上,4种霉菌毒素平均回收率为78.6％ ～92.1％,相对标准偏差RSD为0.8％ ～8.4％.[结论]该方法前处理简单、快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度高.     

Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.

Several resistance sources and resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) have been identified. Based on this knowledge, experiments were initiated toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) to confirm earlier determinations on resistance traits of germplasm sources and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each of the traits, and (2) upon estimation of the degree of QTL effects on each trait, to generate a maize population, with chemical and physical resistance to Aspergillus spp. and ear-feeding insects, for inbred development. A 2-year field experiment to evaluate selected genotypes inoculated with A. flavus and infested with corn earworm revealed that significant variation exists among the genotypes for aflatoxin contamination and corn earworm damage. The protection of maize ears against aflatoxin contamination was primarily dependent on resistance to fungal infection and ear-feeding insects, and excellent husk coverage and tightness. A major QTL (p1) identified on chromosome 1S had effects of 54.0, 42.1, and 28.3% on the phenotypic variability for concentrations of silk maysin, 3′-methoxymaysin+apimaysin, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Markers/QTLs for husk phenotypic traits and total aflatoxin concentrations have been determined, but more detailed mapping of these chromosomic regions will be necessary to locate precise markers/QTLs for husk traits and aflatoxin production. Realizing the complexity of the Aspergillus–aflatoxin-maize system and the factors affecting aflatoxin contamination, we are directing our program toward marker-assisted breeding to enhance or improve general genetic resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.     

白芍对北京鸭黄曲霉毒素B_1慢性中毒的解毒实验的病理研究

北京鸭口服AFB_1的慢性中毒实验中,分别采用白芍粉和白芍醇提物进行防治。根据肝脏组织学病变等观察结果,表明白芍醇提物和白芍粉对AFB_1所导致北京鸭肝癌有一定的抑制作用。提示从雏鸭开始,间断给予冲击性剂量的AFB_1,可能有助于肝癌的形成。大剂量白芍对肝脏可造成一定程度的损害,这种损害与肝癌的发生并不完全相关。     

Effect of harvesting time on nut quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars

The appropriate time of harvest is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of pistachio. Cultivars ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’, ‘Kaleh-Ghoochi’, ‘Ohadi’ and ‘Badami-Zarand’ were evaluated for qualitative indices of nut over a period of four years from 2001 to 2004. Nut samples were collected during eight successive weeks from 23 August to 11 October. Splitting, early splitting, hull cracking and hulling percentage continually increased toward the last harvest week while non-splitting, immaturity, number of nuts per ounce and moisture content decreased during the harvest weeks. The increment of splitting and the number of nuts per ounce was not significant from 20 September to the last week of harvest. Early splitting, hull cracking and aflatoxin contamination of kernel progressively increased from 13 September. Total crude fat and sugar contents showed a peak in the middle of September. The concentration of aflatoxins prior or at maturity stage of selected cultivars was lower than the critical level. In general, the appropriate time of harvest for the cultivars studied is the middle of September to avoid contamination of nuts to aflatoxin and to ensure the nut quality. This study emphasizes different quality indices for determining the optimum harvest time of pistachio crop.     

猪霉麦中毒和霉麦无害化处理的研究

对1983年嫩江地区某地猪喂霉麦引起的中毒进行了系统研究。通过霉菌菌相、菌量分析,明确了霉麦的优势菌为黄曲霉菌;通过流行病学调查、优势菌的产毒试验、毒素的化学确证试验、当日鸭雏的生物学确证试验以及猪的回归试验等,证明黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFT B_1)是造成猪短期内大批死亡的原因。同时,进行了霉麦无害化处理试验,初步证明用0.02％次氯酸钠处理具有杀菌、除毒效果可靠等特点。     

基于电化学传感器检测农副产品黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1是农副产品中最常见的真菌毒素之一,具有诱变、致畸、免疫抑制和致癌的作用。为了减少黄曲霉毒素B1带来的危害,开发可靠的方法来检测农副产品中的黄曲霉毒素B1十分重要。传统的检测方法难以满足现代农业中现场、快速检测的需求,而电化学传感器具有制备简单、便于携带、灵敏度高和选择性强等特点,因而备受关注。根据识别元件的不同,黄曲霉毒素B1的电化学传感器可以分为基于适配体的传感器、基于免疫反应的传感器、基于分子印迹的传感器。研究者们又根据不同的感知策略、纳米材料研发了多种类型的黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器。该研究综述了近5年来（2019—2023年间）黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的研究进展,列举了具有代表性的实例,讨论了基于不同识别元件的传感器的传感机理和不同的信号产生策略,对这些传感器的性能进行了对比。并分析了不同识别元件的优缺点,探讨了基于不同原理的黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的不足之处和发展方向,如需要开发新型的识别元件、研发新的纳米材料并提高纳米材料的制备技术、不同传感策略的联合应用、研发多种毒素同时检测的传感器、简化修饰步骤提高传感器稳定性等,以期为实现黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的实际应用提供参考。     

Changes in growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility of cherry valley ducks in response to aflatoxin B1 levels

The objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of aflatoxin B1(AFB₁) on growth performance, organs, hepatic enzyme activities, apparent digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activities in ducks. Ninety 1-day-old Cherry Valley commercial ducks were designed to three treatment groups with three replicates of ten birds each. Group I (control) was fed conventional feed free of AFB₁, group II or III was fed the diets containing 20 μg/kg or 40 μg/kg AFB₁-contaminated rice respectively. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results were that decreased body weight gain and feed intake, increased feed to gain ratio and selected organ weights (liver, kidney and pancreas) were observed in AFB₁-treated groups. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in AFB₁-contamined groups. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) was significantly lower while activities of digestive enzyme from duodenum contents including protease, chymotrypsin, trypsin and amylase were increased in AFB₁-treated group. These results indicated that AFB₁ of feed could decrease growth performance and apparent digestibility of nutrients, change digestive enzyme activities of duodenum contents in duck.     

Low levels of Aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon,Acipenser ruthenus ♂×A. baeri♀

Toxicity of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was investigated in juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri♀, an important coldwater finfish farmed in China and other countries. Seven experimental diets (Diet A–G) containing different levels of AFB₁ (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg^?1 diet) were fed to juvenile sturgeon weighing 10.53 ± 0.17 g kg^?1 to determine its effect on survival, growth, feed consumption, hematocrit, liver histology as well as muscular and hepatic toxin accumulation. The experiment lasted for 35 days and was conducted in two periods of 25 and 10 days each. No external changes or unusual behaviour was observed in the fish fed diets with AFB₁. Mortality was observed in fish fed with highest levels of AFB₁ (80 μg kg^?1– Diet G) from day 12 onwards. After 25 days, fish fed the diet of 80 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 showed significant lower survival (50 ± 5.77%) followed by those fed 40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (80 ± 5.77%) and 20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (86.66 ± 3.33%). No significant difference was observed in specific growth rate (SGR) or hepatosomatic index (HSI) between groups. Hematocrit was significantly higher in the fish fed the diet of highest AFB₁. The fish were weighed at day 25 in some treatments (Diets F and G) because of high mortality. However, feeding was continued for another 10 days to observe mortality or behavioural changes if any in the other groups. After 35 days, survival in the fish fed Diet F (40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 40% and those fed Diet E (20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 36.2%. Significant histopathological changes including nuclear hypertrophy, hyperchromasia, extensive biliary hyperplasia, focal hepatocyte necrosis and presence of inflammatory cells were observed in the liver of fish fed high levels of aflatoxin (40 and 80 μg kg^?1). AFB₁ accumulation in fish muscle and liver increased with increased dietary AFB₁ levels. It could be confirmed that 10 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet was the maximum allowable level in hybrid sturgeon diet.     

母牛流产原因分析及对牛黄曲霉毒素中毒病的诊治体会

母牛流产是奶牛养殖中普遍存在的问题,如果不采取积极预防和治疗措施,会导致母牛繁殖周期延长、产犊率降低,从而对养殖业的经济效益造成重大损害。本研究调查分析了2022年10月至2023年9月期间某牛场母牛的流产情况。统计结果显示,29头可繁殖母牛共产下29头小牛,其中9头新生小牛不幸死亡,流产率近1/3。为明确流产原因,本研究对环境、饲料、用药等多方面进行了调查和检测。经研究发现青贮饲料严重霉变,黄曲霉毒素B1含量显著超标。综合各项检查,初步判断母牛长期食入黄曲霉毒素污染饲料是导致流产的根本原因。此外,本研究提出了一系列有针对性的防控对策,包括监测动物健康、规范饲料管理、定期检测霉菌毒素等,以最大限度地预防和减少母牛的流产问题,并期望对广大奶牛养殖户提供一定帮助。