玉米秸秆消化率全基因组关联分析

48h体外干物质消化率（48h in vitro dry matter digestibility, 48h IVDMD）是衡量青贮玉米品质的重要指标。为了初步探究玉米秸秆消化率的分子遗传机理,以341份玉米自交系为材料,于2018年在沈阳和通辽种植,收获后测定秸秆48h IVDMD。利用全基因组重测序获得的6 276 612个高质量SNPs进行全基因组关联分析,共检测到153个与玉米秸秆消化率显著相关的SNPs位点（P<1.0×10^-6）,4个SNPs显著水平在P<1.0×10^-8以上;共找到38个秸秆消化率的候选基因,主要涉及细胞生长发育、防御反应和信号转导等生物学功能。     

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: II. Combining ability and hybrid prediction

Accurate hybrid prediction and knowledge about the relative contribution of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are of utmost importance for efficient hybrid breeding. We therefore evaluated 91 triticale single-cross hybrids in field trials at seven environments for plant height, heading time, fresh biomass, dry matter content and dry biomass. Fresh and dry biomass showed the highest proportion (23%) of variance due to SCA. Prediction accuracies based on GCA were slightly higher than based on mid-parent values. Utilizing parental kinship information yielded the highest prediction accuracies when both parental lines have been tested in other hybrid combinations, but still moderate-to-low prediction accuracies for two untested parents. Thus, hybrid prediction for biomass traits in triticale is currently promising based on mid-parent values as emphasized by our simulation study, but can be expected to shift to GCA-based prediction with an increasing importance of GCA due to selection in hybrid breeding. Moreover, the performance of potential hybrids between newly developed lines can be predicted with moderate accuracy using genomic relationship information.     

鱼腥草系列食品开发及其接受度评价

以新鲜鱼腥草为主要原料,设计开发鱼腥草辣椒酱、鱼腥草袋泡茶、鱼腥草饮料和鱼腥草纤维蛋糕四种鱼腥草系列加工食品,通过感官评价分析每个产品的风味特点和人群接受度。结果表明,鱼腥草搭配其他配料可以加工成酱、茶、饮料和蛋糕等产品,四个鱼腥草系列加工食品的风味各有特点,其中鱼腥草豆豉辣椒酱和鱼腥草粗纤维蛋糕的接受度较高。通过添加配料改善鱼腥草产品的风味,不但保留了鱼腥草的味道,而且使不喜食鲜鱼腥草的人群可以接受其加工型产品。     

含刚性沉水植物明渠水流结构的试验研究

【目的】得到含刚性沉水植物明渠的水流结构。【方法】采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV),用有机玻璃棒模拟刚性植物,在不同来水流量、植物密度条件下对明渠水流结构进行了试验研究。【结果】无植物时平均流速沿垂向呈对数分布规律,有植物时则呈现明显的分区分布特性。无植物时紊动强度值沿垂向变化不大,有植物时在植物顶端位置处紊动最剧烈。流量或植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的流速梯度就越大,植物层上方的流速最大值也越大。植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的紊动强度越大,植物密度对水流紊动强度由最大值减小到最小值的区域影响很大。【结论】刚性沉水植物的存在会改变水流结构,增强紊动掺混,增强流体质点交换和能量传递,且上述影响会随着流量或植物密度的增大而增强。     

低温等离子体活性水在食品领域的应用进展

低温等离子体活性水（Plasma-activated Water，PAW）中富含活性氧（ROS）、活性氮（RNS）等活性成分，并具有低pH、高氧化还原电位、高电导率等特殊理化性质，近年来逐渐成为一种新型的非热物理加工方式被应用到食品杀菌与保鲜领域。低温等离子体活性水不仅能有效杀灭食品中的微生物，包括细菌、酵母、霉菌等，还能维持食品本身的品质不受显著性破坏，并且具有操作简单、处理时间短、效率高等优点，可以广泛应用在于果蔬和水产品的保鲜及肉制品的加工工艺中，满足目前市场对绿色无公害的产品需求。本文综述了低温等离子体活性水在食品领域的应用进展，讨论了低温等离子体活性水对微生物的灭活机理、对食品营养品质和感官特性的影响及PAW目前的局限性和未来发展潜力。     

普通小麦主要农艺性状的全基因组关联分析

为解析小麦复杂农艺性状的遗传机制,本研究以150份小麦品种(系)为自然群体,在4个环境条件下测定了9个主要农艺性状,利用小麦35K SNP芯片,结合5种关联模型(Q、PCA、K、PCA+K、Q+K),进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,全基因组多态性信息量PIC的范围为0.0950～0.5000,最小等位基因频率MAF值为0.0500～0.5000;群体结构分析和PCA分析均表明参试材料可分为两个亚群;连锁不平衡分析发现A基因组、B基因组、D基因组和全基因组的LD衰减距离分别为4.7、8、11和6 Mb。9个性状共检测到652个显著的关联位点(P≤0.001),其中21个SNP在2个或2个以上的环境中被重复检测到,分布在1A(1)、1B(4)、2A(3)、2D(2)、3A(1)、5A(1)、5B(5)、6A(1)、6B(2)和7D(3)染色体上; 1个SNP标记的物理位置未知, 3个SNP标记同时与2个性状显著关联;单个SNP的表型贡献率为7.67%～18.79%。8个优势等位变异在供试群体中所占比例较低,筛选出14个可能与小麦农艺性状相关的候选基因,其中TraesCS5B02G237200、TraesCS7D02G129700和TraesCS1B02G426300可能在植物抵御生物与非生物胁迫中起作用,TraesCS5B02G010800和TraesCS7D02G436800可能与植物激素的合成和响应有关,TraesCS2A02G092200可能与植物细胞壁的增强有关, TraesCS5A02G438800可能参与叶绿体发育,另外7个候选基因的功能未知。     

The role of ear environment in postharvest susceptibility of maize to toxigenic Aspergillus flavus

A kernel screening assay (KSA) was used to assess the genetic and environmental effects on the vulnerability of maize to aflatoxin accumulation. Kernels of 26 inbred lines that had been grown in seven environments, and 190 lines of the Intermated B73xMo17 (IBM) population grown in one location in the United States, were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of A. flavus and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 6 days. Percent kernel colonization (PKC), sporulation and aflatoxin were influenced by the maize genotypes (G), the location (“ear environment” or E) and the GxE interactions. Overall, low broad‐sense heritabilities were observed for PKC, sporulation and aflatoxin. PKC was significantly correlated with sporulation in all environments. Aflatoxin was positively correlated with colonization for two and with sporulation for all ear environments. Higher grain sulphur or magnesium in IBM was associated with less colonization or aflatoxin. Postharvest susceptibility of maize to aflatoxin is thus influenced by factors that are modulated by the ear environment. In a KSA, sporulation could be a proxy test for aflatoxin accumulation.     

我国农作物绿色食品的生产瓶颈和生产前景

生产农作物绿色食品是农业的发展方向，也是可持续发展的必然要求，是世界范围都要引起 重视的普遍课题，我国更需迫切重视。使用一般的无公害杀虫剂是不能生产出绿色食品的，而目前病 虫害绿色防控技术还不成熟，现在可用于绿色食品生产的高效无毒的杀虫剂在我国已首先研究出来 了，当前缺少的仅是农产品市场完备的农药残留检测机制，解决这个瓶颈问题可给绿色食品创造存在 的空间，从而实现农业绿色产业大发展，这一天的到来已为期不远。     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

以普鲁兰多糖为载体的CO2型指示标签的研制

以普鲁兰为成膜材料制备一种CO2敏感型指示标签，以食品包装中CO2含量作为监控指标，以甲基红和溴百里酚蓝为指示剂，与成膜材料普鲁兰多糖及甘油混合制得对CO2敏感的凝溶液，以滤纸为基材制备指示标签，并研究普鲁兰多糖浓度、甘油添加量、倒板量对指示标签变色的影响，采用响应面分析法对指示标签的制作工艺进行优化。结果表明，指示标签制备的最佳工艺条件为：在甲基红溶液与溴百里酚蓝溶液体积比为3∶2，质量浓度为5%的混合指示液中添加普鲁兰多糖7.5 g/100 mL、甘油2 g/100 mL，将6.5 mL溶液倒入铺有滤纸的平皿中，浸泡2 h并自然晾干12 h，可制得CO2气敏性指示标签，对其进行验证，色差值为18.21。该指示标签制备工艺简单，可重复操作，具有较大的使用价值。