杉木第3代种子园多元素配方施肥效应研究

杉木种子园为培育高产稳产杉木良种提供重要保障,在林业生产中具有积极意义。通过试验研究,探究杉木3代种子园土壤养分丰缺情况、养分间的平衡规律,确定杉木种子园最佳肥料配比和施肥量,以期为闽北低山丘陵红壤分布区杉木种子园提供推荐施肥配方。采用“3414”配方施肥设计方案,对闽北第3代杉木种子园开展N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Mo等元素施肥试验。分别设计大量元素氮、磷、钾三因素施肥水平（并增设施用钼肥处理）、中微量元素钙、镁、硼三因素施肥水平,以球果数量（质量）、出籽率、种子产量、胸径等为评价指标,拟合肥料效应函数方程,研究各养分间的作用规律,并提出最佳施肥配比和施肥量。结果表明：种子园土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量较低,B含量属于中等水平,而Mo含量较高;N、P、Mg以及N-K、Ca-B肥料联合对种子园产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,而单施某一肥料效应较小,其中单施K、Ca、B几乎没有效果,而肥料联合施用效果较好。综合效应分析结果,得出种子园最大产量施肥量组合为：每株施尿素100 g+过磷酸钙897 g+氯化钾150 g+石灰150 g+硫酸镁105 g+硼砂75 g,并配施钼肥。N、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、Mg、B、Mo的用量依次为46.0、107.7、90.0、75.0、31.4、2.3、5.0 g,其配比为N:P₂O₅:K₂O:CaO:Mg:B:Mo=1.0:2.3:2.0:1.6:0.7:0.05:0.1。多元素配方施肥能很好地改善杉木种子园产量和质量,单株球果产量、球果单粒重、出籽率及种子园产量等指标均比不施肥的母树有大幅度提高。本研究施肥方案,理论上种子园产量可达45.99~95.65 g/株,大量元素施肥试验的产量达到理论产量的80%~86%,中微量元素施肥试验的产量为理论产量的70%左右。现实种子园平均产量大约是预测产量的40%,通过合理配方施肥有望大幅度提高杉木3代种子园产量。     

Cuticular protein gene LmACP8 is involved in wing morphogenesis in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria

Cuticular proteins(CPs) are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings, although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied. In the present study, a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria, which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein RR consensus(CPR) chitin-binding proteins. LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings. Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein, which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L. migratoria. We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings. LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E) in vivo, however, its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39. Thus, the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

Replacing Soybean Meal with Alternative Protein Sources in Diets for Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus

The present study investigated the replacement of soybean meal with combinations of two or three alternative protein sources in diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. Alternative protein sources evaluated included cottonseed meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), peanut meal, and porcine meat and bone meal (PMBM). Hybrid catfish fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 35 g/fish were stocked into 25 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 166 d. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, net yield, weight gain, survival, carcass yield, fillet yield, or fillet proximate composition among dietary treatments. Results show soybean meal may be completely replaced by combinations of cottonseed meal and one or two other alternative protein sources including DDGS, peanut meal, and PMBM in the diet without markedly affecting production and processing characteristics and fillet proximate composition of pond‐raised hybrid catfish. These alternative diets may be used during foodfish production when prices are favorable.     

不同处理对鲜切莴苣褐变及贮藏品质的影响

以莴苣为研究材料,以10 g/L L-抗坏血酸、5 g/L柠檬酸、0.2 g/L水杨酸和0.2 g/L阿魏酸处理鲜切莴苣,去离子水浸泡为对照组,通过测定褐变度、总酚、类黄酮、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,探讨不同抗褐变剂对鲜切莴苣褐变的影响。结果表明,4种抗褐变剂处理均能够有效抑制酶促褐变有关酶活性的升高,减少多酚物质的含量,降低褐变度,有效地保证了鲜切莴苣的贮藏品质,其中0.2 g/L阿魏酸处理的效果最好。     

无源蓄冷控温运输箱设计与试验

针对蓄冷运输箱信息化程度低、控温时间短、控温困难等问题,设计了一款集控温、远程监控、定位、故障诊断等功能于一体的蓄冷运输箱。以脐橙为试验对象,结合能耗模型,对蓄冷控温箱控温性能进行了研究。结果表明,箱内各截面温度不均匀系数分别为0.38、0.47、0.78,温度极差最大值为2.8℃,均匀性较好;当蓄冷剂用量为180 kg,预冷脐橙660 kg,在外部环境平均温度26.39℃的条件下,总控温时长为122 h,风机共执行控温21次,且随着蓄冷量减少,风机开启控温所用时间呈指数上升趋势,决定系数不小于0.928 0;结合能耗模型分析得出,该箱体在广州夏季高温环境下可控温5 d以上,能够满足远距离运输要求。     

我国土窖贮藏保鲜产业现状与发展对策

概述了我国土窖的贮藏方式、技术设备等发展现状，剖析了土窖贮藏过程中存在的问题，并初步分析和探讨了今后的发展趋势与对策，为窖藏发展提供决策依据。     

芳香植物纯露处理对鲜切芋头保鲜效果的影响

为了探究芳香植物纯露对鲜切芋头的保鲜效果,本研究观测了迷迭香纯露(RMH)、薄荷纯露(PH)和玫瑰纯露(RH)处理对4℃冷藏鲜切芋头感官品质的影响。其中,RH处理对鲜切芋头褐变的控制效果最好,为了探究其对鲜切芋头褐变的生理机理,探讨了RH处理对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和总酚含量的影响。结果表明,RMH、PH和RH处理均能有效延缓鲜切芋头硬度的下降、降低病情指数、抑制褐变,表明纯露对鲜切芋头有较好的保鲜效果;同时,RH处理降低了PAL和PPO活性以及总酚含量,表明纯露通过抑制酚类物质的生物合成和氧化代谢而控制鲜切芋头的褐变。本研究为芳香植物纯露的资源化利用和鲜切果蔬保鲜剂的开发提供了新思路。     

天敌昆虫低温贮藏研究进展

在农业生产中由于化学农药的长期不合理使用,导致"3R"问题持续存在和人类赖以生存的环境日益恶化,生物防治产品及技术在有害生物综合治理中的作用越发重要。天敌昆虫的生长发育及存活期往往很短,探索其储存技术是天敌昆虫规模化生产中的关键性环节。低温贮藏可以延长天敌昆虫的寿命,进而可以为生物防治提供充足、稳定的天敌产品。因此,天敌昆虫低温贮藏一直是生物防治领域研究的热点。本文围绕天敌昆虫低温贮藏这一环节,就低温诱导天敌昆虫滞育虫态、冷驯化对昆虫低温贮藏效果的影响、低温贮藏对天敌昆虫适合度(寿命、羽化率、性比、个体尺寸大小、飞行扩散能力等)的影响等方面进行综述,以期为天敌昆虫产品的规模化生产及应用技术提供参考。     

包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响

以阿克苏干制"温185"薄皮核桃为试材,采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,并以不处理为对照,在常温(20～25℃)条件下贮藏,分别测定过氧化值、酸价、皂化价、碘价、水分含量、脂肪酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)指标的变化,研究包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,可有效延缓薄皮核桃过氧化值、酸价及皂化价的升高,抑制碘价和水分含量的下降,并提高SOD和CAT的活性,抑制脂肪酶、LOX及POD活性,延缓MDA含量的上升,保持核桃仁的风味,其中充气(氮气N2)添加脱氧剂包装效果优于其他处理组,对干制薄皮核桃的贮藏效果较好。