我国茶树病虫发生防治的现状与展望续

四、生物防治的进展和问题茶园作为特定的生态环境,既为害虫提供了取食和生存的良好条件,也有利于天敌的定居繁衍。茶园害虫种类多,天敌资源也较丰富,已有记载的茶园害虫天敌约500种。其中包括捕食性和寄生性天敌昆虫、捕食性益螨、蜘蛛和食虫益鸟、昆虫病毒、寄生性微生物等。这些天敌是茶园生态系中的重要组成成分,是茶园害虫的生态控制因素,在害虫综合治理中,利用生物防治以控制害虫种群数量,已起到积极的作用。     

大豆地下害虫蛴螬的生物防治方法

综述了应用昆虫病原线虫、昆虫病原细菌、昆虫病原真菌、原生动物、天敌昆虫、植物源农药等生物防治因子对大豆地下害虫蛴螬的防治方法。     

浅谈甜菜主要食叶害虫的生物防治

从保护自然昆虫天敌、应用生物制剂、性信息素、昆虫生长调节剂以及农用抗生素等方面,探讨生物防治方法对防治甜菜夜蛾、甘蓝夜蛾的应用前景。     

2种瓜实蝇寄生蜂的研究进展

瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett)是危害多种蔬菜和水果的重要害虫,化学防治效果成效甚微,生物防治有望成为最有潜力的防治技术。本文主要对瓜实蝇的寄生性天敌阿里山潜蝇茧蜂(Fopius arisanus Sonan)和弗氏短背茧蜂(Psyttalia fletcheri Silvestri)的生物学特性、影响寄生蜂存活和雌雄性比的主要因素、寄主范围及寄主选择性、扩繁技术及其对实蝇的防治效果等方面进行综述,为2种蜂在瓜实蝇生物防治中的应用提供参考。     

日本同翅目茶树害虫的寄生性与捕食性天敌

许多同翅目昆虫为害茶树,其中不少是重要或常见害虫。蚧虫、粉虱等的生物防治,一般认为较易成功。在生物防治重新获得高度重视的今天,同翅目害虫的寄生性与捕食性天敌更受人注目。我国害虫天敌调查工作正在进一步开展,而日本已于1965年大体完成,一衣带水     

甘蔗螟虫生物防治的探讨

甘蔗螟害已成为影响甘蔗生产的突出问题。本文主要探讨甘蔗螟虫的危害,生物防治在甘蔗生产中的应用,性诱技术与利用天敌相结合的综合防治模式。     

青岛花生田昆虫群落多样性及主要害虫与天敌发生动态分析

花生害虫严重危害青岛花生生产。本研究对该地区花生田昆虫群落多样性及主要害虫和天敌发生动态进行分析，结果表明：青岛地区昆虫种类丰富，群落结构较为稳定，天敌种类较为丰富。花生田主要地上害虫为花生蚜、西花蓟马、花生须峭麦蛾、斜纹夜蛾；主要天敌为异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、大灰优蚜蝇、东亚小花蝽、卷叶蛾绒茧蜂等共48种；三年发生动态结果表明：花生蚜与其天敌昆虫发生具有明显的相关性，西花蓟马天敌昆虫对西花蓟马的控制力不强，天敌昆虫对花生须峭麦蛾和斜纹夜蛾具有一定的控制力。该结果可为田间害虫防控提供理论基础。     

花生田种级昆虫群落结构及主要害虫与天敌相关性分析

为了摸清花生田种级昆虫群落结构，阐明主要害虫及天敌种间对应关系，明确主要害虫及潜在天敌种类，为花生害虫生物防治和生态调控奠定基础，通过采用传统形态、解剖和DNA条形码三种鉴定方法，对2016-2017年辽宁阜新花生田昆虫进行种级分类鉴定，解析昆虫群落结构，并对害虫优势种、常见种与天敌的发生动态及相关性进行分析。结果表明，辽宁阜新花生田昆虫种类丰富，群落结构比较稳定，害虫优势种为双斑萤叶甲(2 793±3头)和小绿叶蝉(1 725±341头),收集到对应天敌7种(1 477±184头)和19种(2 116±353头);害虫常见种花生蚜(826±110头),收集到天敌23种(2 656±353头),天敌种类丰富。天敌与害虫发生动态及相关性分析表明，与双斑萤叶甲显著相关的天敌是黑背毛瓢虫，与小绿叶蝉显著相关的天敌种类是龟纹瓢虫、叶色草蛉、大草蛉、异色瓢虫、大灰食蚜蝇、黑食蚜盲蝽和黑头叉胸花蝽；与花生蚜显著相关的是大灰食蚜蝇、烟蚜茧蜂、窄腹食蚜蝇、烟盲蝽和斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇。本研究阐明了阜新地区花生田昆虫群落结构稳定，天敌资源丰富；明确了双斑萤叶甲、小绿叶蝉和花生蚜的田间潜在控害天敌种类，在生产中...     

茶尺蠖生物防治研究进展

茶尺蠖是我国茶园的主要害虫之一,对它的生物防治有关学者已经开展了大量的研究工作。本文从利用天敌、昆虫信息素、生物农药等方面对茶尺蠖的生物防治研究进行了综述。     

大豆地下害虫生物生态控制

针对大豆一般地下害虫为害特点、主要种类生活习性,采取相应的生物生态控制策略进行归纳总结,充分利用自然资源———植物源农药、昆虫病原微生物、天敌进行生物防治,利用生态措施对大豆地下害虫进行控制,为大豆生产实践提供参考。     

我国茶毛虫生物防治研究进展

本文从茶毛虫的捕食性天敌与寄生性天敌、病原微生物、性信息素的合成利用、生物制剂等方面介绍了我国近年来应用生物技术防治茶毛虫的研究进展。     

环境胁迫对亚洲玉米螟及其主要寄生性天敌的影响

亚洲玉米螟是我国粮食主产区玉米等作物上的主要害虫。综述了气候等环境因子对玉米螟及其主要寄生性天敌的胁迫作用。过高及过低的温、湿度对玉米螟的生长发育等均有不同程度的影响,同时还间接影响玉米螟寄生性天敌的存活和寄生效率;水分和食料对玉米螟幼虫生长发育、幼虫滞育和滞育解除等也有重要影响。总之,异常环境条件会极大地影响玉米螟及其寄生性天敌的种群消长。     

Anticancer Activities of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Rice Callus Suspension Culture as a New Paradigm

Plant natural products including alkaloids,polyphenols,terpenoids and flavonoids have been reported to exert anticancer activity by targeting various metabolic pathways.The biological pathways regulated by plant products can serve as novel drug targets.Plant natural compounds or their derivatives used for cancer treatment and some novel plant-based compounds which are used in clinical trials were discussed.Callus suspension culture with secondary metabolites can provide a continuous source of plant pharmaceuticals without time and space limitations.Previous research has shown that rice callus suspension culture can kill>95%cancer cells with no significant effect on the growth of normal cells.The role of candidate genes and metabolites which are likely to be involved in the process and their potential to serve as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents were discussed.Large scale production of plant callus suspension culture and its constituents can be achieved using elicitors which enhance specific secondary metabolites combined with bioprocess technology.     

国内胶乳复合保存剂的使用现状和研发前景

概括国内天然胶乳复合保存剂的使用现状,分析了鲜胶乳早保中存在的问题和不足,总结复合保存剂的发展前景。     

Stability of Chitosan—A Challenge for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications

Chitosan—one of the natural multifunctional polymers—due to its unique and versatile biological properties is regarded as a useful compound in medical and pharmaceutical technology. Recently, considerable research effort has been made in order to develop safe and efficient chitosan products. However, the problem of poor stability of chitosan-based systems restricts its practical applicability; thus, it has become a great challenge to establish sufficient shelf-life for chitosan formulations. Improved stability can be assessed by controlling the environmental factors, manipulating processing conditions (e.g., temperature), introducing a proper stabilizing compound, developing chitosan blends with another polymer, or modifying the chitosan structure using chemical or ionic agents. This review covers the influence of internal, environmental, and processing factors on the long-term stability of chitosan products. The aim of this paper is also to highlight the latest developments which enable the physicochemical properties of chitosan-based applications to be preserved upon storage.     

西双版纳橡胶树主要害螨及优势种螨类天敌种类调查

2010~2012年通过对西双版纳州橡胶林的害螨及其天敌进行2年多的调查。结果表明:西双版纳州橡胶树害螨主要有2种,分别为六点始叶螨(Eotetranychus sexmaculatus Riley)和海南小爪螨(Oligonychus hainanensis Ma,Yuan et Lin);并详细记述了2种害螨的形态特征、为害特点及发生数量;初步调查到六点始叶螨的天敌19种,隶属2个纲、7个目、10个科,采用优势度指数评价法得出优势种群为草蛉、食螨瓢虫和捕食螨,三者都具有较好的应用前景;初步摸清六点始叶螨主要天敌发生消长及其自然控制作用。     

Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation

The bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is an important pest of oil palm, capable of being present as outbreak, which could cause a crop loss of up to 44%. Circumstantial evidence has long indicated that natural enemies play an important role in the population regulation of this pest. However, direct field data on the enemies themselves has been lacking.

A field study on a population of M. plana was made at PORIM Kluang, Johor, Malaysia from September 1988 to December 1992. The population of bagworm was initially high (late 1988, up to 38 larvae/frond, and in early 1990, up to 30 larvae/frond) but remained extremely low in the subsequent period (< 10 larvae/frond).

The population of M. plana was affected by both primary and secondary parasitoids and predators. Among the primary parasitoids, Dolichogenidea metesae was the most pronounced larval parasitoid of M. plana. This parasitoid was commonly attacked by hyperparasitoids, particularly Pediobius anomalus and Pediobius imbreus. A hypothetical life table constructed from the mortality figures of the declining part of the population during late 1988 confirmed that the natural enemies played a key role in suppressing the bagworm population.

The present study confirmed that overlapping generations were vital for the persistence of parasitoids of M. plana. The paper also suggested a possible need of alternative hosts. An active predator, Callimerus arcufer was also commonly encountered.     

低温冻害对茶树生理的影响及应对技术

茶树原产于热带及亚热带,是一种喜温暖气候条件的植物。随着全球气候的变化,极端气候出现的几率越来越高,低温已经成为影响茶叶生产、茶树生长和地域分布的最重要环境因子之一。轻者减产,重者茶树死亡,尤其是"倒春寒"对茶叶生产的影响,每年给茶农造成巨大经济损失,低温冻害已成为我国茶叶生产的主要限制气候因子之一。本文综述了茶树对低温冻害响应的研究进展,并提出了应对技术及未来的研究重点,供相关人员参考。     

利用寄生蜂防治椰心叶甲的概况及研究展望

按天敌引进和利用的顺序综述应用寄生蜂防治椰心叶甲的概况，包括引进天敌的种类与可行性分析、引进流程与安全性评估、椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂的基础生物学与人工繁育，以及释放技术和跟踪评价技术，讨论并展望未来研究和应用椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂等问题。     

TA-BR生物药肥的研制及在茶叶生产中的应用

茶树喷施生物药肥后,质量和产量均明显提高,鲜叶亩产量增幅为6.76%~26.90%,酚氨比明显降低,水浸出物、水溶性糖及维生素C均有所增加。同时,生物药肥对茶毛虫、茶尺蠖和茶蚕等茶树主要鳞翅目害虫的防治效果可达90%以上,对天敌安全。