杉木第3代种子园多元素配方施肥效应研究

杉木种子园为培育高产稳产杉木良种提供重要保障,在林业生产中具有积极意义。通过试验研究,探究杉木3代种子园土壤养分丰缺情况、养分间的平衡规律,确定杉木种子园最佳肥料配比和施肥量,以期为闽北低山丘陵红壤分布区杉木种子园提供推荐施肥配方。采用“3414”配方施肥设计方案,对闽北第3代杉木种子园开展N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Mo等元素施肥试验。分别设计大量元素氮、磷、钾三因素施肥水平（并增设施用钼肥处理）、中微量元素钙、镁、硼三因素施肥水平,以球果数量（质量）、出籽率、种子产量、胸径等为评价指标,拟合肥料效应函数方程,研究各养分间的作用规律,并提出最佳施肥配比和施肥量。结果表明：种子园土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量较低,B含量属于中等水平,而Mo含量较高;N、P、Mg以及N-K、Ca-B肥料联合对种子园产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,而单施某一肥料效应较小,其中单施K、Ca、B几乎没有效果,而肥料联合施用效果较好。综合效应分析结果,得出种子园最大产量施肥量组合为：每株施尿素100 g+过磷酸钙897 g+氯化钾150 g+石灰150 g+硫酸镁105 g+硼砂75 g,并配施钼肥。N、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、Mg、B、Mo的用量依次为46.0、107.7、90.0、75.0、31.4、2.3、5.0 g,其配比为N:P₂O₅:K₂O:CaO:Mg:B:Mo=1.0:2.3:2.0:1.6:0.7:0.05:0.1。多元素配方施肥能很好地改善杉木种子园产量和质量,单株球果产量、球果单粒重、出籽率及种子园产量等指标均比不施肥的母树有大幅度提高。本研究施肥方案,理论上种子园产量可达45.99~95.65 g/株,大量元素施肥试验的产量达到理论产量的80%~86%,中微量元素施肥试验的产量为理论产量的70%左右。现实种子园平均产量大约是预测产量的40%,通过合理配方施肥有望大幅度提高杉木3代种子园产量。

The Effect of Multi-element Formula Fertilization in the Third-generation Seed Orchard of Cunninghamia lanceolata

Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard is the important guarantee for the cultivation of high and stable yield of Cunninghamia lanceolata varieties, and has positive significance in forestry production. Through the experimental research, this paper explored the abundance and deficiency of soil nutrients and the balance of nutrients in the third-generation seed orchard of Cunninghamia lanceolata and determined the optimal fertilizer ratio and fertilizer amount in the Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard to provide recommended fertilization formula in hilly red soil distribution area of northern Fujian. The fertilization experiment of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mo and other elements in the third-generation Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard in northern Fujian was carried out by using “3414” formula fertilization design. This study designed the fertilization levels of N, P and K (molybdenum fertilizer processing was added) and the fertilization levels of Ca, Mg and B respectively. And at the same time, it took the number (weight) of cones, seed ratio, seed yield and DBH as evaluation indexes and fitted the function equation of fertilizer effect to study the law of action among nutrients and proposed the optimal fertilizer ratio and fertilizer amount. The results showed that the nutrient contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in seed orchard soil were low, the content of B was in medium level, and the content of Mo was high; the combined effects of N, P, Mg and N-K, Ca-B fertilizers on the yield of seed orchard reached significant or extremely significant levels, while the effect of single fertilizer was smaller. And the effect of single application of K, Ca and B had almost no effect, while the effect of combined application of fertilizer was better. The comprehensive effect analysis results showed that the maximum yield fertilizer combination of seed orchard was: 100 g urea + 897 g superphosphate + 150 g potassium chloride + 150 g lime + 105 g magnesium sulfate + 75 g borax of per plant, and molybdenum fertilizer was applied to each plant. The dosage of N, P₂O₅, K₂O, CaO, Mg, B and Mo was 46.0, 107.7, 90.0, 75.0, 31.4, 2.3 and 5.0 g, respectively, and the ratio was N: P₂O₅: K₂O: CaO: Mg: B: Mo = 1.0:2.3:2.0:1.6:0.7:0.05:0.1. The multi-element formula fertilization could improve the yield and quality of Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard, the yield of single cone of per plant, single cone weight, seed ratio and seed orchard yield were significantly higher than those of the mother tree without fertilization. According to the fertilization scheme in this study, the seed orchard yield could reach 45.99-95.65 g/plant theoretically. The yield of the macroelement fertilization experiment reached 80% to 86% of the theoretical yield and the yield of the medium and trace element fertilization experiment was about 70% of the theoretical yield. The average yield of the actual seed orchard was about 40% of the predicted yield. It is expected that the yield of the third-generation seed orchard of Cunninghamia lanceolata could be greatly improved by rational fertilization.