Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.     

不同辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性评价

近年来象耳豆根结线虫的危害日益严重.为筛选抗象耳豆根结线虫的辣椒种质,本试验利用种属特异性引物对根结线虫病原物开展分子鉴定,确定为象耳豆根结线虫.接着采用室内人工接种法,对10份一年生辣椒种质和10份中国辣椒种质进行象耳豆根结线虫抗性鉴定,计算根结指数和卵粒指数,并通过比较隶属函数,发现其中3份辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫表现为高抗,抗病性最强的是L518M和L525-1M,L42M次之;10份表现为中抗;7份表现为感病,抗病能力最弱的是L69-1M;未发现免疫品种.本研究发现中国辣椒种质的抗病性整体高于一年生辣椒,是重要的抗病种质来源,可用于象耳豆根结线虫抗病育种和后续抗病机理的研究.     

云南省牛流行性出血病血清学调查

为了解牛流行性出血病(epidemic hemorrhagic disease,EHD)在云南省的流行和分布情况,采用竞争ELISA方法,2019年对11个县市的1 199份牛血清进行流行性出血病病毒(epidemic hemorrhagic disease virus,EHDV)抗体检测,同时从各县市检测出的阳性血清中,随机选取18～50份通过微量血清中和试验进行血清型鉴定。结果显示:云南省11个县市均检测出EHDV抗体阳性样品,阳性率介于49.3%～91.3%,平均为81.8%;各地普遍存在3个及以上血清型,其中EHDV-7、-10、-6、-5血清型检出率较高,EHDV-8、-2血清型检出率较低,未检出EHDV-1型。结果表明,EHD在云南省流行广泛且较严重,流行血清型复杂。结果提示,需持续开展EHDV血清学监测,重视对该病的防控。此次血清学调查为我国西南地区EHD防控提供了数据参考。     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

Agrocenosis Stability during Long-Term Application of Fertilizers on Soddy-Podzolic Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - In a long-term field experiment in the western part of the nonchernozemic zone of Russia (Smolensk oblast) on sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Glossic Retisol...     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。