Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

斑马鱼幼鱼嗜中性粒细胞对副溶血弧菌清除的动态变化

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是人-兽-鱼共患的致病菌,严重威胁食品安全和人类的健康。为了研究宿主嗜中性粒细胞清除细菌感染的动态变化过程,利用红色荧光蛋白标记的副溶血弧菌Vp57~(RFP)菌株感染受精后48 h(hours post fertilization,hpf)的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)幼鱼耳泡,建立局部感染模型,并以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Ec01菌株为对照,系统比较了副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌的半数致死剂量(median lethal dose,LD_(50))、存活曲线以及和嗜中性粒细胞相互作用的动态过程,RT-qPCR验证炎症相关基因il1b和il10在感染前后的表达量变化。结果显示副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌感染斑马鱼幼鱼的LD_(50)分别为7.90×10~8 CFU/mL和1.14×10~(11) CFU/mL,与感染大肠杆菌相比,斑马鱼感染副溶血弧菌后招募嗜中性粒细胞的速度更快,且数量更多。RT-qPCR结果发现斑马鱼感染副溶血弧菌后在相同时间点能够激活更高的il1b和il10基因的表达,引起强烈的炎症反应。基于以上研究,我们建立的副溶血弧菌-斑马鱼幼鱼耳泡局部感染模型,为进一步研究嗜中性粒细胞清除副溶血弧菌感染的动态过程,以及深入揭示天然免疫应答机制提供了依据。     

黑豆—油菜与大豆—油菜轮作模式土壤镉修复能力比较

通过设置黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜的轮作模式在湖南醴陵进行大田试验,结果发现黑豆表现出较强的镉富集能力,其根、茎、叶及果壳中镉含量分别为2.14、2.63、4.10及1.34 mg/kg,富集系数均在1以上。油菜各个部位镉含量较高的分别为叶与茎,达到了7.13和4.73 mg/kg。黑豆各部位镉转运系数均高于大豆,各油料作物提取的重金属主要集中在茎与叶。大豆叶的镉富集系数为2.06,茎的镉富集系数为0.86,明显低于黑豆同部位的富集能力。每公顷土地经过一轮黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜轮作分别能够从土壤中提取73.52 g和51.68 g的镉,对土壤重金属镉的修复效率约为3%。     

水稻抽穗期基因OsDof6功能的初步研究

【目的】以前期通过穗发育芯片筛选到一个水稻Dof家族转录因子OsDof6为研究对象,进一步探究OsDof6的表达模式与生物学功能。【方法】对OsDof6的基因、蛋白及启动子序列进行生物信息学分析,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术对该基因进行定点编辑,通过实时定量PCR和亚细胞定位技术分析该基因的表达模式。【结果】对该基因的启动子序列分析表明,该基因启动子中存在大量与光响应、激素响应及胁迫响应相关的顺式调控元件。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术获得了2种不同突变类型的功能缺失突变体9522^Dof6-3和9522^Dof6-4。对突变体T₁株系进行表型观察发现,相较于对照,两种突变体在营养生长阶段分蘖数明显降低,转入生殖生长阶段后,两种突变体的抽穗时间推迟约3 d。实时定量PCR结果显示OsDof6在水稻根、茎、叶和穗中均有不同程度的表达,在穗发育后期相对表达量明显提高;通过亚细胞定位分析发现OsDof6定位于细胞核。【结论】初步判断OsDof6基因会影响水稻分蘖数与抽穗期。     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

我国饲草重大病虫鼠害研究进展

为全面了解我国饲草重大病虫鼠害分布和危害，充分掌握其传播扩散规律及其造成的重大经济损失，我们系统分析了我国饲草病害、虫害、鼠害等生物灾害危害情况，总结了国内外饲草病虫鼠害防控现状与研究进展，提出了饲草重大生物灾害的防控对策，为保障饲草产业和草牧业健康发展提供理论支撑。此外，本文还总结了我国饲草病虫鼠害的防控难题，为今后饲草病虫鼠害的研究提供了方向。     

开食料中性洗涤纤维水平对犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响

【目的】探究开食料中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量对犊牛生长发育、血清生化指标及抗氧化性能的影响,为犊牛开食料的合理配制提供试验依据。【方法】选取平均体重为（42±2.5）kg 的60头（包括36头公犊牛,24头母犊牛）新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分为4个试验组,每组15头（9头公犊牛+6头母犊牛）,15日龄起依次饲喂10%（10N）、15%（15N）、20%（20N）和25%（25N）NDF水平的开食料。试验犊牛单个饲养于犊牛岛,70日龄断奶,饲喂至112 日龄。每日记录开食料采食量,每两周称量犊牛的体重,于35和112日龄测量犊牛的体尺,35、70、90和112日龄空腹颈静脉抽血测定血液生化和抗氧化指标。【结果】（1）70—112日龄,犊牛开食料采食量10N组显著低于25N组（P＜0.5）;42—70日龄,20N和25N组NDF采食量显著高于10N和15N组（P＜0.05）;70—112日龄,NDF采食量随开食料NDF水平升高而显著增加（P＜0.05）; （2）70—112和15—112日龄,15N组犊牛体增重显著高于其他三组（P＜0.05）,分别高出12.67%、43.56%、30.17%和6.16%、18.09%、15.16%;15N组体高显著高于20N和25N组（P＜0.05）,体斜长和胸围显著高于25N组。（3）90日龄,15N组血清球蛋白含量显著高于其他三组,白球比显著低于其他三组（P＜0.05）;112日龄,血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量随NDF水平的提高而显著降低（P＜0.05）。（4）35、70和112日龄,15N、20N和25N组血清超氧化物歧化酶浓度显著高于10N（P＜0.05）组,血清丙二醛浓度低于10N组。【结论】犊牛开食料中NDF水平直接影响进食量和体增重,15—112日龄荷斯坦犊牛开食料中NDF的适宜水平为15%。     

壮秧影响不同节氮水平下早稻产量及氮肥吸收利用

【目的】培育壮秧和施用分蘖肥是促进水稻早发的重要措施,但增施分蘖肥易导致水稻无效分蘖增加和氮素流失。研究双季稻区早稻壮秧和分蘖肥节氮条件下产量形成和氮素吸收利用特性,以期为早稻节氮控污和丰产栽培提供科学依据。【方法】以超级杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’为材料,采用壮苗育秧(状秧)和普通育秧(普秧)两种方式培育秧苗。于2014-2015年进行大田试验,设置壮秧常规施氮(VS+100%N)、节氮10%(VS–10%N)、节氮20%(VS–20%N)、节氮30%(VS–30%N) 4个处理,以普秧常规施氮(NS+100%N)处理和不施氮空白(NS+0N)处理分别作对照,共6个处理。减施的氮肥均在分蘖肥中扣除,除不施氮对照外,各处理基肥氮(72 kg/hm^2)和穗肥氮(54 kg/hm^2)均保持不变。分析早稻拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期SPAD值、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和各器官氮素含量,并测定成熟期水稻产量及其构成,明确了植株总氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮表观转运率、氮素利用效率等。【结果】与NS+100%N处理相比,壮秧条件下分蘖肥节氮10%~30%对叶片SPAD值和光合速率无显著影响,但壮秧能促进分蘖发生和成穗,在生育中后期可逐渐弥补分蘖肥节氮对分蘖期干物质积累的不利影响,成熟期VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理干物质积累量较对照NS+100%N增加,产量分别增加了8.5%和1.5%;VS–30%N处理干物质积累量和产量则呈下降趋势。同时,壮秧有利于提高早稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性、各器官氮含量和氮积累量,与NS+100%N处理相比,VS+100%N处理成熟期氮素积累量显著增加了6.9%,VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理无显著变化,VS–30%N处理显著下降了9.7%。壮秧处理氮素回收率和氮素农学效率较NS+100%N处理分别显著提高了12.1%~22.4%和9.9%~24.7%(P <0.05)。【结论】双季稻区早稻壮秧可以促进分蘖早发,提高叶片的干物质生产能力和氮代谢性能,弥补分蘖肥减氮后对水稻前期生长的不利影响,提高后期的干物质生产量和氮运转量。通过培育壮秧,分蘖肥减施总施氮量的20%以内,早稻产量不会下降,可实现水稻的节氮、丰产和节本栽培,有利于提高氮素利用效率和减少氮素流失对环境的污染。     

红叶甜菜-花生和油葵-花生轮作修复土壤Cd的能力

利用生物量高的经济作物进行轮作，可在加快修复土壤Cd污染进程的同时获得一定的经济效益。本研究在长沙市望城区群力村Cd轻度污染的土壤进行冬季种植红叶甜菜、夏季复种植花生和春末种植油葵、夏季复种植花生的轮作模式试验，探究重金属修复潜力。结果表明：花生、油葵、红叶甜菜各部位Cd富集系数除花生果实外均大于1，对Cd均有较强的富集能力。油葵-花生、红叶甜菜-花生轮作模式种植一季可提取土壤Cd总量分别为40.80 g·hm^-2和53.34 g·hm^-2。红叶甜菜-花生轮作将土壤Cd含量由0.316 mg·kg^-1降至0.286 mg·kg^-1，油葵-花生轮作一季将土壤Cd含量由0.316 mg·kg^-1降至0.283 mg·kg^-1。研究表明，红叶甜菜-花生、油葵-花生轮作模式均对土壤重金属Cd有较好的修复潜力。     

Cd污染农田的炭基修复方案设计和效果评价

为了解不同Cd污染农田土壤上炭基改良剂的治理效果，运用土壤医生理念，针对广东省韶关和云浮3个重金属Cd污染状况和土壤理化性质不同的区域农田分别设计了3种以生物炭为主要原料，搭配石灰、有机肥等不同辅料的3种生物炭基土壤改良剂，并进行了大田应用试验，同时归纳总结设计原则，评价设计的3种改良剂对Cd污染农田的治理效果。结果表明：在3个区域施用的改良剂均不会降低作物的产量，在Cd污染严重的酸性土壤上有显著增产的效果（增产效果达到383.03%）；同时施加3种不同配方的炭基改良剂均可以有效降低作物可食用部位的Cd含量，分别是对照的33.33%、46.88%和42.86%，使3个试验区的农产品可食用部分Cd含量均达到国家标准；施用炭基改良剂，可有效降低土壤中酸溶态Cd的含量，尤其是在酸性较强、Cd污染程度高的土壤中，能够将土壤中活性和生物可利用形态的Cd含量降低18.28%。综上所述，根据土壤理化性质、污染程度和修复目的来针对性设计以生物炭为基础的炭基改良剂可以保障作物产量，提高作物品质，实现对南方Cd污染土壤的改良。