武功山山地草甸生态恢复技术研究

武功山草甸是我国南方亚热带地区极具代表性的山地草甸,近年来由于自然和人为因素干扰,尤其是旅游业的发展,使得局部区域岩石裸露,生物多样性降低.因此,本文以武功山退化草甸为研究对象,通过对不同退化草甸类型进行划分,采用恢复生态学的理论和方法进行生态恢复,旨在为武功山山地草甸生态旅游和可持续发展提供科学依据.结果发现:重度退化草甸恢复技术采用客土后种植芒和毛秆野古草,并用无纺布覆盖的效果较好;中度退化的草甸采用植草技术种植芒和毛秆野古草恢复效果较好;轻度退化草甸用芒与毛秆野古草块状混交种植后,再种植两歧飘拂草、艾、紫萼、前胡等伴生草种恢复效果较好.     

自研型黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)是一种广泛存在于自然界的腐生真菌,也是重要的工业发酵微生物,在工业酶制剂及有机酸发酵方面得以应用.因其具有强大的酶系统,可溶解土壤中的难溶盐分,促进植株生长,且具有抑菌性而在农业上被广泛应用.在黑曲霉作为丸粒化种衣剂的有效成分的条件下,探究了该制剂对高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为新型高粱种衣剂的研发及其合理应用提供理论依据.[方法]以高粱种子及幼苗为研究对象,采用室内发芽和盆栽试验相结合的方法,采用自研型黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子进行丸粒化包衣,播种后测定高粱种子的发芽势、发芽率、幼苗素质及对高粱幼苗叶斑病的防效,以评价黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响.[结果]黑曲霉的最佳的包衣浓度为5×108 cfu/g,当浓度为1×109 cfu/g黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用;适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子的发芽率及发芽势有促进作用,使发芽率提高3.3～10个百分点,出苗率提高11.6个百分点;可使高粱根长伸长11.2～34.8个百分点,株高矮化27.8～41.5个百分点,单株幼苗鲜质量提高21.9～162.8个百分点,根冠比增大6.7～46.7个百分点,根系活力提高4.6～20.2个百分点;对高粱叶斑病防治效果达63.37％～82.77％.[结论]将适宜浓度的黑曲霉引入到丸化种衣剂中,可促进高粱种子萌发,显著提高其幼苗根长、根冠比、根系活力及单株鲜质量,使株高矮化,提高其抗倒伏能力,并且对高粱叶斑病有一定的防效;但过量浓度的黑曲霉包衣高粱种子则降低高粱种子发芽势、根长及根系活力,对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用.适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸化种衣剂是保苗壮苗及安全生产的新型环保种衣剂.研究结果可对新型丸化种衣剂的研发提供科学参考、对黑曲霉的应用前景提供新的理论依据、对有机高粱的生产提供新的思路及保障高粱质量安全具有重要的意义.     

黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的累加细胞毒性研究

由于饲料中多种霉菌毒素并存的几率比较高，本研究以仔猪肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）为模型，研究黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和呕吐毒素（DON）的叠加细胞毒性。细胞毒性试验选用AFB1、ZEA和DON三种毒素作为响应面Box-Behnke设计的三个因素，以AFB1：10、20、30 μg/L，ZEA：150、300、450 μg/L，DON：500、1000、1500 μg/L作为Box-Behnke设计的三个编码水平。利用响应面设计构建得到17组复合霉菌毒素组合，以其对IPEC-J2细胞活力的影响作为参考指标，得到对细胞损伤程度最高和最低的霉菌毒素添加比例。结果表明：经方程预测后，得到细胞活力最低（霉菌毒素毒性最高）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为30、150 μg/L和1500 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为32.32%|得到细胞活力最高（霉菌毒素毒性最低）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为10、150 μg/L和600 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为53.01%。该结果为多种霉菌毒素叠加毒性的研究提供了依据。 [关键词] IPEC-J2细胞|黄曲霉毒素B1|玉米赤霉烯酮|呕吐毒素|细胞毒性     

气候变化对藏药独一味适生区分布格局的影响

本研究通过实地调查，运用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型和环境气候数据模拟未来气候变化对青藏高原地区藏药独一味（Lamiophlomis rotata（Benth.）Kudo）适生区空间分布格局的影响，探索其适生区变迁规律。通过ArcGIS和SPSS对模拟结果分析显示，当前气候条件下独一味最适宜生长地区主要分布于青藏高原地区的四川与西藏，甘肃与青海交界处，占青藏高原总面积的24.87%，其中西藏自治区适生区面积最大，其次是四川和青海，甘肃和云南占比最小；未来气候变化使适生区几何中心向西南方向迁移97.1 km，且海拔上升267 m；气候变化带来的适生区扩大面积约为退化面积的2倍，各省适生区面积均呈现增加，西藏增加最多，其次是四川，青海略有增加，云南和甘肃变化不大；如果气候变暖持续发生，人工引种驯化应选择海拔相对较高区域，而低海拔地区由于退化风险，应作为物种保护区域重点监测。本研究将为气候敏感地区野生濒危药用植物的引种驯化及资源保护提供参考依据。     

高能湿法球磨制备鱼胶原肽螯合钙及其理化特征

为了拓展胶原肽螯合钙的制备工艺,以鱼胶原肽和CaCl2为原料,以高能湿法球磨的方法制备了鱼胶原肽螯合钙,并采用FT-IR红外图谱、X-衍射、EDS能谱等技术手段对其理化特性和结构进行分析。结果显示,随着球磨时间从15 min延长到240 min,鱼胶原肽的平均粒径逐渐降低,ZETA电位绝对值、分子量和pH值逐渐增加,鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率逐渐从74.21%增加到85.42%。鱼胶原肽螯合钙与鱼胶原肽的主体化学结构相似,但是球磨后鱼胶原肽的-COO-1 VAS吸收峰(1 643.89 cm~(-1))向短波数方向移动到1 540～1 555 cm~(-1),而-NH2的特征吸收峰(3 313.9 cm~(-1))向长波数方向移动到3 337.12～3 380.59 cm~(-1)。球磨后鱼胶原在2θ=20°处的特征宽吸收峰消失,而在2θ=26、28、48和58°处出现多个尖峰和弥散峰,表明其从无定形结构向兼具结晶和无定形结构转变。鱼胶原肽螯合钙中钙元素比例逐渐增加,证实鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率增加。研究表明,高能湿法球磨可应用于鱼胶原肽螯合钙的制备,该方法具有加工工艺简单、无污染和螯合率高等优点。     

抗霜霉病耐褐变肉丝瓜新配组"徐绿1号"的培育

在引种筛选的基础上,以"徐筒玉丝瓜"高代自XT-6为母本,以淮北地区耐褐变品种"绿钻88"的高代自交系LZ-6为父本,杂交获得F1新配组(暂命名为"徐绿1号").对其进行农艺学性状综合评价,结果发现,新配组"徐绿1号"在耐褐变性上优于XT-6,OD值为0.31;在早熟性上没有明显差异;小区产量优于XT-6,为36.89 kg;田间病情指数白粉病和霜霉病分别为26.52和5.23;即新配组"徐绿1号"在褐变性、早熟性、产量性状以及田间自然发病率等方面均表现较好.因此该杂交配组可作为丝瓜新品种进行推广应用.     

On the drivers of UK direct investment in the Spanish regions: A spatial Durbin approach

This paper empirically examines the key factors driving UK direct investment in the Spanish regions over the period 2000–2016 and, consequently, tries to unveil its main motivation. Applying a spatial Durbin panel model to capture spatial linkages, the results point to the existence of complementarity between the FDI received by a region and that of the remaining ones. This outcome, along with a positive and statistically significant spillover effect of market potential, reveals that complex-vertical FDI motivation with agglomeration economies prevails among UK MNEs investing in Spain. Additionally, our findings unveil the role played by some other FDI drivers, such as wages and infrastructure. Furthermore, the paper is unique in decomposing the average direct and spillover effects by region and pairs of regions, so that remarkable differences can be identified. This breakdown has strong significance from a policy perspective since it can guide regional policy makers. In short, our findings point out to the fact that FDI policy should be jointly designed by those regions presenting strong bilateral spillover effects. Thus, greater cooperation among policy makers would be welcome.     

硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes?

Landscape Ecology - Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of...     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.