Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

5种苹果野生资源果实香气物质的分析

以苹果系楸子(Malus prunifolia)、海棠花(Malus spectabilis)、西府海棠(Malus micromalus)、花红(Malus asiatica)和新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii) 5 个野生苹果种为材料，以甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）为溶剂，进行香气物质的提取，并基于气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对香气物质进行分离和鉴定。结果表明：5 种材料中共鉴定出 27 种香气物质，其中醇类 6 种、醛类 7 种、酯类 4 种、有机酸 4 种、萜烯 2 种和苯衍生物 4 种。其中反式-2-己烯醛、辛酸、α-法呢烯、苯酚以及对甲苯酚是 5 个野生苹果果实中共有的香气物质。这 5 种苹果野生资源果实的香气物质主要是以清香型的反式-2-己烯醛等醛类物质为主，但酯类和醇类也是构成不同种苹果特异香气的重要呈香物质。从特征香气组分来看，有8种是5个野生苹果种果实香气成分共有的特征香气，分别是法呢醇、己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、辛醛、壬醛、反式-2-癸烯醛、乙酸丁酯、己酸己酯。其中海棠花的特征香气物质有6种，西府海棠的特征香气物质有5种，新疆野苹果和楸子的特征香气物质有4种，花红苹果的特征香气物质有2种。     

基于GF-1和Sentinel-2时序数据的茶园识别

由于茶园大多分布在地形复杂的山区,地块破碎,分布零散,形状差异大、植被混杂且茶园所处环境长期受到云雨的影响,增加了茶园遥感识别的难度与不确定性,针对这一问题,该研究提出了利用高分1号(GF-1)和哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)时序数据提取茶园的方法,以浙江省武义县王宅镇为研究区,采用GF-1号为主要数据源,并利用MODIS地表反射率产品和Sentinel-2反射率数据,基于时空融合算法得到时间分辨率5 d的10 m Sentinel-2完整的时序数据。综合利用GF-1在空间细节方面的优势和重建的Sentinel-2高观测频率时序数据在反映茶树生长过程方面的优势,分别基于GF-1的光谱和纹理特征及GF-1的光谱、纹理特征和Sentinel-2时序特征两种特征组合方式,采用随机森林算法提取茶园。结果表明,GF-1光谱、纹理信息结合Sentinel-2时序信息分类结果的准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为96.91%、3.09%、89.00%、83.09%和0.86,仅基于GF-1光谱和纹理信息的分类准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为94.72%、5.28%、73.09%、84.61%和0.78,添加时序信息分类结果总体优于未添加时序信息的分类结果。表明高空间分辨率结合高频率时序遥感数据是提高茶园分类精度的有效手段。     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.     

鹿茸及鹿血中布鲁氏菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立可应用于快速检测鹿茸及鹿血中布鲁氏菌的方法,保证鹿产品的药用、食用安全,试验根据布鲁氏菌特异性基因IS711设计合成引物和探针,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法,对反应条件进行优化,并绘制标准动力学曲线,Y=-3.14X+37.62,R2=0.997.结果 表明:该方法具有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,组内、组间重复性试验Ct值标准差小于0.5,变异系数均小于2％,最小检测拷贝数为2.65× 101 Copies/μL.该方法对目的 基因检测灵敏度高,可用于鹿茸及鹿血相关样本的检测,也可用于布鲁氏菌的定性和定量检测,为相关鹿产品的质量安全评估提供重要技术保障.     

污泥堆肥对海滨木槿生长及元素吸收的影响

污泥含有丰富的植物生长所需的营养元素,污泥堆肥用于苗木的栽培基质是污泥处理的一种有效方式.采用盆栽控制试验,研究污泥堆肥对海滨木槿生长和元素吸收的影响,以期为污泥的合理利用提供科学依据.结果表明,污泥堆肥对海滨木槿株高、地径、根系和生物量均有显著的促进作用,且随着污泥施用量的增加,效果越显著.污泥堆肥促进海滨木槿叶片叶绿素的合成,抑制类胡萝卜素的合成,适量的污泥堆肥(体积比为污泥:红壤土=1:1或污泥:红壤土=3:2)对海滨木槿叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率最有利.N、P、K的吸收和Cu、Zn、Cd的累积随污泥使用量的增加而增加,根部吸收的N、P和K大部分运输到茎和叶,供地上部分生长,Cu和Cd主要富集在根部,而Zn含量在根、茎、叶中差异不显著.污泥堆肥施用量对海滨木槿的重金属富集和转移系数有显著影响,海滨木槿的Zn和Cd富集和转移能力强于Cu的,并且不同污泥堆肥处理下Cd的富集系数都大于1,表明海滨木槿是重金属Cd富集高效的植物,有望用于Cd污染土壤的修复.因此,施用适量污泥堆肥能够显著促进海滨木槿的生长,海滨木槿对污泥堆肥有较强的适应性和耐性,能够有效地富集重金属.     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

甘草对尖吻鲈生长特性、消化酶及免疫酶的影响

[目的]探究添加不同水平甘草粉的饲料对尖吻鲈幼鱼生长特性、消化酶及免疫酶的影响,为甘草在尖吻鲈饲料中的添加应用提供参考依据.[方法]将甘草粉按不同比例添加至饲料中,然后对尖吻鲈幼鱼进行饲料投喂试验,添加量0%为对照组,1%、3%和5%为试验组,各组均设3个平行,试验周期56 d,测定淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)、胰蛋白酶(TRYP)、胃蛋白酶(PP)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和溶菌酶(LZM)等指标,并对尖吻鲈消化酶指标与生长特性指标间、免疫酶指标与存活率间进行相关分析.[结果]3%和5%试验组尖吻鲈的存活率(SR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05,下同);各试验组的体长增长率(BLGR)均显著高于对照组;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)在5%试验组显著升高;前肠AMS活力在3%和5%试验组显著升高;肝脏AMS、前肠LPS、肝脏LPS和胃LPS活力在各试验组均显著升高;前肠TRYP活力在1%和5%试验组显著升高;PP活力在5%试验组显著升高.WGR、SGR与肝脏AMS活力呈显著正相关.肝脏T-AOC活力在各试验组均显著升高,CAT活力、GSH-PX活力和POD活力在1%试验组显著升高,MDA含量在5%试验组显著下降;血清T-AOC活力和CAT活力在各试验组均显著升高,GSH-PX活力在3%试验组显著升高,LZM活力在1%和5%试验组显著下降.SR与肝脏T-AOC、肝脏T-SOD、血清T-AOC、血清CAT和血清GSH-PX活力呈显著正相关,与血清MDA含量及血清T-SOD活力呈显著负相关.[结论]饲料中添加3%~5%甘草粉可更好地提高尖吻鲈消化酶活性、促进鱼体增长,协助杀菌,提高尖吻鲈的存活率;添加1%~3%甘草粉可增强尖吻鲈抗氧化能力,减少肝过氧化物积累.因此,饲料中添加适量的甘草对尖吻鲈幼鱼具有促进消化及提高免疫的作用.