坡柳皂苷对大菜粉蝶中肠组织的影响

通过透射电镜观察了大菜粉蝶4龄幼虫取食含坡柳皂苷叶碟后的中肠组织病理变化(24 h、48 h).结果表明:1 mg/mL坡柳皂苷对大菜粉蝶幼虫的肠壁细胞及其中的细胞器产生了影响;在1 mg/mL坡柳皂苷的作用下,大菜粉蝶幼虫围食膜和微绒毛消失,肠细胞与底膜分离,腔内出现大量空泡,溶酶体活动剧增,细胞器及细胞体出现自溶,光面内质网极度膨大.大菜粉蝶5龄幼虫取食坡柳皂苷24和48 h后中肠组织发生了明显的病变,揭示了坡柳皂苷对菜青虫幼虫致毒作用的毒理机制.该研究为坡柳皂苷作为新型植物源农药在欧洲菜粉蝶防治中更好地发挥作用提供了理论依据.     

低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避行为研究

[目的/意义]本研究旨在揭示低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避的程度、策略、成因及其关联。[方法/过程]研究采用理论抽样方法和半结构化访谈法收集了江苏省45位农村居民的相关数据。研究采用开放式编码和主轴编码方法对访谈数据进行分析,同时采用社会网络分析软件对规避策略和成因之间的关系进行可视化展示。[结果/结论]（1）农村居民在低风险疾病情境下存在全面型和选择型两种不同程度的健康信息规避。其中,全面型健康信息规避主要发生在信息需求阶段,具体的规避策略为完全不治疗;而选择型信息规避发生在信息获取阶段,具体的规避策略为自己治疗或者拖延治疗。（2）该情境下农村居民健康信息规避的成因主要包括感知风险、对信息源的信任、健康信息素养水平、文化水平、情绪、经济水平、小世界、时间和医疗资源的可及性。（3）农民健康信息规避的成因与规避策略存在特定的关联。文化水平和医疗资源的可及性只对完全不治疗规避策略有影响;情绪因素只对拖延治疗规避策略有影响;健康信息素养水平只对自己治疗规避策略有影响。该研究可为改善农村居民的健康状况提供指导建议。     

白玉菇酸性磷酸酯酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

[目的]对白玉菇酸性磷酸酯酶进行分离纯化,并研究其酶学性质.[方法]以白玉菇为材料提取酸性磷酸酯酶(ACPase,EC.3.1.3.2),进一步将原酶液盐析、层析2种常用的蛋白纯化技术,分离得到酸性磷酸酯酶,并对该酶的酶学性质进行研究.[结果]该酶分子量约为70 kD,水解对硝基苯磷酸二钠(pNPP)最适pH为4.5,等电点为5.5,最适温度为40℃,该酶在50℃时有热激活效应;紫外吸收光谱测定结果表明,酶有2个吸收峰,分别在220和280 nm处;耐热时间表明在40℃下耐热保温40 min后,酶活力为最大活力的60.79％,并在保温20 min时酶活力最大,50℃时酶活力随着保温时间的延长而降低,保温20 min后,酶活力下降为最初酶活力的20.77％;Hg2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Cd2+4种金属离子对酶活性均有抑制作用,Ag+抑制作用最强.酶的动力学参数Km为0.031 mmol/L、Vmax为0.204 mmol/(L·min)、酶反应初速度为18.66×10-3μmol/L.[结论]酸性磷酸酯酶的活性受温度、pH、金属离子等外界条件的影响,因此在栽培过程中需要控制环境温度及培养基酸碱度等条件.     

基于径向基网络的含缺陷管道安全系数修正

安全系数是管道完整性评价方法的重要参数之一,传统评价方法仅考虑了管道所处地区等级对其影响,未能全面评价管道的真实安全状态。提取管道相关风险因素,比较各因素间相对重要程度并建立表征不同风险状态的分值体系,根据所得风险分值对安全系数进行修正,使得修正后的安全系数能够反映含缺陷管段实际风险状态;结合径向基网络方法的自学习特点,将各风险因素作为输入,修正后的安全系数作为输出,建立基于径向基网络的管道安全系数计算模型。由模型训练得出的修正安全系数与测试样本吻合度较好,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:修正安全系数在考虑地区等级的基础上同时引入了其他重要风险因素的影响,为管道完整性评价中的安全系数取值提供了新的思路。     

除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草的防治效果及对叶绿素SPAD值的影响

探讨除草剂减施对麦田杂草的防治效果,以及对小麦生长过程中叶绿素SPAD值变化的影响。结果表明,药后45 d,10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2+5%(唑啉草酯+炔草酯)EC 30.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)和28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 16.80 g/hm~2处理(减施33.33%)对麦田阔叶杂草的鲜质量防效分别为98.64%、98.99%、98.54%和98.68%,表明除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草仍具有较好的防效。施用除草剂后,小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值呈现先下降再上升的趋势。药后3 d、5 d、7 d,28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 33.60 g/hm~2处理(增施33.33%)小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著低于7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)和空白对照(CK)的叶绿素SPAD值,低于其他处理的叶绿素SPAD值。     

Seasonal Changes in the Milt Quality of Waigieu Seaperch,Psammoperca waigiensis: Implications for Artificial Propagation

Milt quality of Waigieu seaperch was sampled at the beginning, the middle, and the end of the spawning season to assess if the sampling season has an effect on milt quality parameters. The milt volume and total sperm production were higher at the middle of the spawning season while the sperm concentration in milt was significantly higher at the beginning and the end of the spawning season. Sperm morphology and the major parameters of seminal plasma (pH, total protein, Mg²⁺, or Ca²⁺ concentrations) did not differ throughout the spawning season. The concentrations of Na⁺ and the osmolality increased throughout the spawning season. The percentage of motile cells did not differ during the spawning season while the duration of sperm motility (swimming duration) and velocity (swimming speed) were significantly different during the spawning season. The fertilization rate (75.7 ± 6.8%) and hatching rate (56.5 ± 3.1%) at the middle of the spawning season were higher than at the beginning and end periods. Results indicated that milt quality parameters and fertility success in the middle of the spawning season were higher compared to earlier and later sampling dates. Thus, we recommend collecting milt during this time for maximal fertilization and hatching success.     

Resource Use Assessment of Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon,Production in Thailand and Vietnam

Resource use was investigated at 34 Litopenaeus vannamei and five Penaeus monodon farms in Thailand and 30 L. vannamei and 24 P. monodon farms in Vietnam. Farms varied in water surface areas for production, reservoirs, canals, and settling basins; in pond size and depth; and in water management, stocking density, feeding rate, amendment input, aeration rate, crop duration, and crops per year. Production of L. vannamei averaged 17.3 and 10.9 m.t./ha/yr, and feed conversion ratio averaged 1.49 and 1.33 in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. On average, production of 1 m.t. of L. vannamei required 0.58 ha land, 5,400 m³ water, 60 GJ energy, and 1218 kg wildfish in Thailand and 1.76 ha land, 15,100 m³ water, 33.7 GJ energy, and 1264 kg wildfish in Vietnam. Resource use per metric ton of shrimp declined with greater production intensity. In Thailand, P. monodon was produced at 0.2–0.4 m.t./ha/yr, with no inputs but water and postlarvae. In Vietnam, P. monodon production averaged 3.60 m.t./ha/yr. Production of 1 m.t. of P. monodon required 0.80 ha land, 36,000 m³ water, 47.8 GJ energy, and 1180 kg wildfish, and resource use per ton production declined with increasing production intensity.     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

Milk vetch dwarf virus infection in the Solanaceae and Caricaceae families in Southeast Asia

Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) is an important member of the genus Nanovirus and is transmitted by the aphid Aphis craccivora. MDV has multiple single-stranded DNA genome components, each approximately 1 kb, and two or three alpha-satellite molecules. It mainly infects plants of the legume family Fabaceae. Recently, papaya (Carica papaya) collected in Yesan, South Korea, displaying symptoms of leaf yellowing and dwarfism, was identified as a new host for MDV. To examine the geographical distribution of MDV, papaya samples with symptoms were harvested in South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan in August 2018, along with tomato and pepper samples grown in adjacent fields in Vietnam. The results revealed the presence of MDV not only in papaya but also in pepper and tomato. This MDV infection in members of the Solanaceae family was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization performed using a PCR product of segment S as a probe. Based on sequence analysis of three MDV components (M, S, and C3), we verified the presence of three different isolates of MDV in these three countries and homology between sequences of isolates from papaya and from members of the Solanaceae from Vietnam. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate MDV infection in Vietnam and Taiwan for the first time and confirm that MDV can infect economically important pepper and tomato.     

Dietary quercetin improved the growth,antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

To investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on growth, antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, six diets were prepared with quercetin inclusion rates of 0 (control diet), 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg. Grass carp with a body weight of 13.3 ± 0.1 g were fed with one of the six diets for 60 days. The weight gain (WG) showed a quadratic relationship with dietary quercetin levels; the supplementation of 0.4 g/kg quercetin significantly improved WG (+4.73%) and decreased feed conversion ratio (?0.06) (p < .05) when compared to those of the control group. The intestinal fat ratio was reduced by the addition of 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05), and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase were increased by the addition of 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). The inclusion of 0.2–0.6 g/kg of quercetin increased the contents of delicious amino acids and decreased the cooking loss of flesh (p < .05). Flesh collagen content was increased by the addition of 0.4–0.8 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin could improve the growth and enhance the antioxidation and flesh quality of grass carp, with the recommended supplemental level of quercetin was 0.37 g/kg.