鹿肚耳与3种木耳的营养价值评价

综述皱木耳Auricularia delicata新品种"鹿肚耳"的形态特征和食用特点,测定其与黑木耳、毛木耳、毛木耳白色变种"玉木耳"人工栽培子实体的基本营养成分、矿质元素含量和氨基酸组成,评价其营养价值。结果表明:鹿肚耳热量235 kJ/100g、蛋白质7.21 g/100g、脂肪1.5 g/100g、碳水化合物48.4 g/100g、总膳食纤维29.3g/100g,含有5种常量元素、5种必需微量元素,其中,硒元素含量是黑木耳的4.6倍;含有人体所需的8种必需氨基酸,氨基酸化学评分(CS)和氨基酸评分(ASS)分别为12和18.86,色氨酸为其限制性氨基酸;蛋白质综合评价低于其他3种木耳。     

不同浓度NAA/6BA配比对不同品种甘薯茎尖培养特性的影响

为明确不同品种甘薯茎尖培养的最佳NAA/6BA配比,设置0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L 3组NAA/6BA浓度配比处理,观测不同浓度激素处理对‘北京553’、‘红香蕉’、‘苏薯8号’、‘烟薯25’、‘安吉芋’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’茎尖培养成苗率、愈伤组织直径、不定根数目、叶片数和植株高度的影响,同时调查不同品种试管苗的移栽成活率。结果表明,‘红香蕉’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’在0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘安吉芋’在0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘苏薯8号’、‘北京553’、‘烟薯25’在0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高。因此,在甘薯茎尖培养过程中,不同甘薯品种适宜的NAA/6BA配比存在显著差异,在实际生产中应根据品种特性来进行调整激素的用量和比例。     

不同控释氮肥运筹对粳稻养分吸收与氮素利用的影响

以绥粳18为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,在一次性施入控释氮肥免追肥条件下,设置不同施肥量(高、中、低、无)和施肥深度(5 cm、10 cm),探讨不同氮肥施用方式对粳稻养分吸收和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在不同氮肥运筹条件下,粳稻各生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运均存在明显的协同效应,施肥深度5 cm组,随着氮肥施用量的增加,粳稻的氮吸收总量增加,同时可促进磷的吸收,但影响幅度较小。钾变化与氮、磷变化有所不同。施肥深度10cm组,施高量氮肥抑制了粳稻对磷的吸收、减少了对氮的吸收,但有利于提高氮素利用率,对钾的吸收无显著影响。施用树脂包膜控释肥,纯氮用量为153 kg/hm^2、施肥深度5 cm、一次性施肥免追肥可获得最优水稻氮素利用效率并显著提高磷钾肥利用效率。     

Ecosystem services as the products of land system dynamics: lessons from a longitudinal study of coupled human–environment systems

Context

We address understanding of whole-system and landscape-based approaches to the ecosystem services framework by considering the supply of provisioning services and the dynamics of agricultural land use in Scotland between 1940 and 2016.

Objectives

To characterise and understand the dynamics of change in provisioning services from agriculture in Scotland over the period 1940–2016. To identify ways in which funds of capitals and flows of inputs and output ecosystem goods are linked to land management practices and policies at a national scale.

Methods

Data describing agricultural land use, production, financial and energy inputs and outputs, and drivers of change in land use in Scotland are analysed with an accounting framework that links funds of natural, human, physical and financial capital, with flows of goods and services. Flow–fund ratios are used as benchmarks of system performance and dynamics.

Results

Scotland’s agriculture has modernised since 1940 and become more efficient in conversion of resources, with a consequent increase in delivery of provisioning goods and services. Although the energy ratio, and flow of goods per unit hectare and per unit labour have increased, the inputs necessary to maintain those flows of ecosystem goods are also increasing, even as their relative economic costs decrease. Increases in use of fertiliser suggests that production from the soil, as a natural capital fund, is not being conserved without a large, and increasing, input. Analysis of the complexity of the coupled agricultural land system also suggests that land management rather than biodiversity is a necessary subject for evaluation of provisioning services from agriculture. Understanding of ecosystem services based on accounts that integrate inputs, outputs and flows from funds of natural, human, social, financial and physical capitals, provides a process-based foundation for improved understanding of ecosystem services and human–environmental relationships.

Conclusions

Adopting an accounting approach for understanding the role of agricultural land use for supply of provisioning services, and particularly examining a long time-series of accounts, enables understanding of land changes and underlying drivers, as well as the contribution of cultural and other aspects of human systems coupled with environment systems. Accounting for ecosystem services using costs as well as benefits, and use of metrics beyond financial benefit, supports debate and evaluation of trade-offs between services and has direct relevance for decision- and policy-making.

     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

全方位入手实现无抗、替抗养猪

抗生素是由微生物(包括细菌、真菌、放线菌属)或高等动植物在生命过程中所产生的,具有抗病原体或其他活性的,一类次级代谢产物,能对抗在人或动物体内的致病菌等病原体,可治疗大多数细菌、立克次体、支原体、衣原体、螺旋体等微生物感染导致的疾病。现临床常用的抗生素有微生物培养液中提取物以及用化学方法合成或半合成的化合物,目前已知天然抗生素不下万种。     

面向智能油田的集输管网工艺模拟软件研制

针对集输管网多相输送体系、不同拓扑结构及输送工艺在数字油田智能化建设中的仿真模拟需求,基于图论方法和管网对象设计了可表示复杂连接关系的通用管网数据结构,耦合流动单元水热力数学模型与节点平衡关系建立了普适性的管网非线性方程组,提出了鲁棒性高的求解方法。以油田集输工艺设计、运行及优化等场景中独立使用或在综合管理系统中集成应用为目标研制了计算软件,通过对比商业软件计算结果,验证了所开发软件的适应性和准确性,同时从工程实用方面探讨了其应用前景。     

豇豆不同生长时期施用毒死蜱的膳食风险

近年来,禁用农药毒死蜱在豇豆中被高频检出,已成为豇豆中农残超标率居高不下的关键问题之一。为明确毒死蜱在豇豆播种期、苗期、结荚期使用后的残留及其膳食风险,进行了田间模拟残留试验,将采集的成熟豇豆通过乙腈提取,C18分散净化,经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法测定豇豆中毒死蜱残留量,并进行了膳食风险评估。试验结果表明,毒死蜱在豇豆中的方法定量限为0.01 mg·kg^-1,在0.01~5 mg·kg^-1添加水平下,毒死蜱的平均回收率为76.3%~88.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~6.4%;播种期、苗期、结荚期一次施药和结荚期二次施药后,成熟期采收的豇豆样品中均无毒死蜱检出;结荚盛期一次施药后,残留消解曲线为Ct=1 726.6e^-0.431t(R²=0.981 5),符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为1.6 d;施药后10 d,豇豆中毒死蜱残留量降至0.05 mg·kg^-1以下,慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均小于100%;毒死蜱在播种期和苗期的使用,不会导致成熟期豇豆中残留超标,可以安全使用;始花期后的使用需控制10 d以上的采收间隔期;结荚盛期须禁止使用毒死蜱。综上表明,在尚未制定毒死蜱在豇豆生产中精准施用规范的背景下,我国禁止毒死蜱在豇豆生产中的使用是十分必要的。     

不同有机肥处理对紫色土油茶林土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性对土壤管理具有重要指示作用,以福建省宁化县紫色土水土侵蚀区油茶人工林不同坡位土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog技术对天然有机物料有机肥(T1)、有机无机复合肥(T2)、禽畜粪便有机(T3)共3种有机肥处理以及不施肥处理(CK)下的土壤微生物碳源利用能力进行了研究。研究结果显示:T1、T2、T3处理下不同坡位土壤的吸光值平均颜色变化率(AWCD)相比于施肥前都有所增加,而CK处理土壤AWCD值无显著变化,不同处理下土壤AWCD值提高的大小顺序表现为T2T1T3CK;Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及McIntosh优势度指数大小顺序均表现为T2T1T3CK;相同处理下不同坡位土壤AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及McIntosh均匀度指数大小顺序总体呈现下坡中坡上坡;Shannon指数与土壤容重和自然含水率呈极显著或显著负相关,与pH值、全碳和全氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关;McIntosh指数与土壤容重、自然含水率、pH值、全碳和全氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关;氨基酸类是各处理后土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型,主成分分析表明T1、T2、T3处理下土壤微生物对6类碳源利用能力相比于对照具有较大差异,T1和T3处理对于6类碳源的利用具有相似性,T2处理与T3处理之间对于6类碳源利用差异主要在于碳水化合物类碳源。综上,有机无机复合肥的施入更有利于紫色土丘陵区油茶人工林土壤微生物碳源利用能力的提高,以上结论可为制定紫色土丘陵区合理施肥制度的设置、农业优化管理措施提供依据。