浅析我国南方冬闲田种植一年生黑麦草的应用研究

针对我国南方地区冬闲田数量多、利用率低的现象,充分利用冬闲田种草养畜,不仅可以解决牲畜季节性青绿粗饲料缺乏问题,还能促进农民增收和农业可持续发展。一年生黑麦草由于适生范围广,鲜草产量高,营养丰富且柔嫩多汁,适口性好,家畜家禽喜欢采食,深受农户青睐,成为一种极具发展前途的越年生优质牧草,近年来在畜牧业生产中得到广泛应用。本文从一年生黑麦草生物性状、营养特性、冬闲田的丰产栽培技术、青贮技术以及在各类畜禽的饲喂研究角度进行综述,并指出今后的研究重点和方向。旨在为一年生黑麦草在畜牧业中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

斜纹夜蛾Toll受体基因的全基因组分析及其在杀虫剂抗性中的作用

利用公布的斜纹夜蛾基因组对TLRs基因进行全基因组分析,应用生物信息学工具分析斜纹夜蛾TLRs家族基因成员在鳞翅目害虫TLRs基因家族中的进化关系、组织表达特异性,结合转录组数据对农药反应敏感的TLRs进行基因表达及其调控网络进行分析,分析斜纹夜蛾Toll受体基因在杀虫剂抗性中的作用.结果表明:共分析出了7个TLRs基因,斜纹夜的TLRs家族基因与棉铃虫TLRs家族基因同源性较高.7个基因中的1个基因SLTLR3在肠道中高度表达,有5个TLRs基因对农药处理反应敏感.对农药反应敏感的TLRs进行基因表达和其网络进行分析,只发现了1个TLRs(SLTLR7)和其他30个基因之间的存在共表达关系,这些基因主要涉细胞表面受体信号途径、细胞定位、信号传导、细胞调控过程、生物调控过程.     

我国稻米加工工艺的沿革与展望

我国稻米加工起步于大规模采集野生稻的时期,最初是采用稻谷直接制成米的“稻出白”工艺,后来采用稻谷先制成糙米、糙米再制成米的“糙出白”工艺,两者构成了沿用几千年的古代稻米加工工艺;19世纪60年代开始,增加稻谷清理、白米整理等工段,构成了近代稻米加工工艺;到20世纪末,增加稻谷分级、下脚整理、稻壳整理、副产品整理、糙米精选、白米精选、白米色选、白米抛光等工序,构成现代稻米加工工艺;进入21世纪以来,新增了回砻谷净化、糙米净化、刷米与抛光组合、多道色选、留胚粒分选等工序,构成了当代稻米加工工艺;今后通过增加多等级大米联产、多等级大米与留胚米联产等专利加工工艺,将构成加工过程更加精准且智能化、低破碎、低能耗和环境友好的未来稻米加工工艺。     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

非全流土壤排渗过滤装置对黄河含沙水过滤和滴灌堵塞的影响研究

为解决黄河含沙水滴灌过滤粘粒不易去除的问题,采用对比试验方法,设置了竖直地埋管式(V)、水平地埋管式(L)、辐射井管式(R)、渗水井管式(S)4种非全流土壤排渗过滤装置,进行了非饱和土壤处理(V2、L2、R2)与饱和土壤处理(V1、L1、R1和S)条件下的黄河含沙水过滤性能试验.试验结果表明:V1、L1、R1处理比V2、L2、R2处理两次过滤的平均滤水量分别提高3.73％、9.52％和10.56％,平均滤水含沙量分别降低2.74％、3.95％和1.84％;S处理滤水量最大,L处理滤水含沙量最小.各处理稳渗滤水含沙量均小于0.3 kg/m3,大于0.1 mm且小于0.129 mm的颗粒仅占0.58％.通过滴灌试验验证,S、V、L处理灌水器的相对流量和均匀系数分别大于75％和80％,均满足滴灌使用.综合考虑,建议在实践应用中推荐渗水井管式(S)和水平地埋管式(L)非全流土壤排渗过滤装置,可以为引黄灌区高效节水灌溉的黄河高含沙水过滤提供技术支撑.     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响

[目的]水分是制约水稻生长的重要因素之一,对水稻产量及品质产生重大影响,通过分析不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响,为水稻生产节水灌溉技术提供理论指导.[方法]于2018—2019年在四川农业大学成都校区教学试验基地大棚进行盆栽试验,选用宜香优2115(杂交籼稻)、IR72(常规籼稻)、南粳9108(常规粳稻)3种不同类型水稻为材料,分别于孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期进行轻度(LD,-20 kPa)、中度(MD,-40 kPa)、重度(SD,-60 kPa)3种水分胁迫处理,以淹水灌溉作为对照(CK,0 kPa),采用土壤张力计监测土壤水势,各生育时期水分胁迫处理时间均为10 d;分析3个生育时期不同水分胁迫条件下,不同类型水稻产量、抗旱系数、抗旱指数及稻米品质等指标的变化.[结果]不同水稻品种在3个时期对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期;就产量而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致水稻每穗实粒数和结实率下降而减产,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均产量分别较对照减少25.5％,28.4％和15.8％,开花期轻度水分胁迫可促进千粒质量增加而增产,IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产1.1％和7.3％,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可促进每穗实粒数、千粒质量和结实率增加进而提高产量,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产10.6％、7.3％和15.5％;就品质而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味品质降低,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均整精米率分别较对照减少7.5％,7.5％和4.6％,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可提高稻米精米率和整精米率、增加胶稠度,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可降低稻米的消减值、提高最高黏度和崩解值,从而改善食味品质,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108的崩解值分别较对照增加29.5％,34.8％和18.2％.3个水稻品种对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为IR72、宜香优2115、南粳9108.[结论]综合水稻产量和品质分析表明,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫有利于节水增产,提升稻米品质.     

Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.