轮作油葵对马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理指标的影响

为了探究轮作油葵对连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响,选取马铃薯连作4年、连作4年后轮作油葵1年、连作6年、连作6年后轮作油葵1年的同一块试验田,以该试验田前两年分别种植藜麦、玉米的地块为对照,测定土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量变化,测评土壤环境。再在该试验田种植马铃薯,对其幼苗光合作用、抗氧化酶活性以及马铃薯生长发育指标进行测定。结果表明,随连作年限增加,马铃薯根际土壤pH总体升高,偏碱性,有机质和有效磷含量逐渐减少,碱解氮含量上升;土壤酶活性与连作年限呈负相关;随连作年限增加,土壤中细菌数量、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌比(B/F)呈下降趋势,真菌数量呈增加趋势;土壤环境的恶化导致马铃薯植株生长量减少,叶绿素相对含量降低,叶片光合速率下降,超氧化物酶(SOD)活性下降,O_2~-.产生速率加快,丙二醛(MDA含量上升。轮作油葵明显降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤有机质、有效磷和碱解氮含量,增加了土壤酶活性、细菌数量和B/F值,降低了真菌数量,改善了根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用;增加了马铃薯叶片相对叶绿素含量、光合速率,SOD活性增强,而O_2~-.水平和MDA含量下降,可见轮作油葵减轻了马铃薯叶片膜脂过氧化作用和自由基伤害,促进了马铃薯生长发育,且整体效果以连作4年后轮作油葵较好。     

不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄根际土壤微环境及生长发育的影响

探究不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄苗根系形态、根际土壤理化性质、土壤肥力相关酶活性、微生物数量、根系生理及生长发育的影响,以期确定油橄榄苗期最优的磷肥施用量,为油橄榄植株培育提供科学合理的施肥依据。结果显示:(1)增施适量磷肥可降低根际土壤pH值,提高根际土壤有机质、有效磷含量,根际土壤碱解氮含量有所下降;增施适量磷肥还可增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而脲酶活性降低;增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌、解磷菌数量及细菌与真菌比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善油橄榄根际土壤性质;(2)增施适量磷肥可提高油橄榄根系中脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量,增强根系活力,增加根系含水量、油橄榄根长、根表面积和根尖数,促进根系生长,优化根系空间分布;(3)增施适量磷肥使油橄榄株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重和根冠比均有一定程度的提高,对植株生长发育起到促进作用。比较6种不同磷肥施用量,以每株施用45 g磷肥对油橄榄幼苗根系生长发育和根际土壤微环境改善效果最佳。综上所述,增施适量磷肥可改善根际土壤理化性质和生物学特性,从而促进油橄榄根系及地上部分的生长发育。     

接种AMF与根系分隔对玉米马铃薯间作土壤氮素利用的影响

采用不同根系分隔方式(不分隔、尼龙网分隔、塑料膜分隔)和接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)来研究玉米(Zea mays L.)间作马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)对土壤氮素吸收利用和作物干物重的影响。结果表明:无论何种分隔方式,接种AMF与施用苯菌灵相比,均能增加玉米根系表面积,其中最高增加29.8%,减少玉米和马铃薯根际土壤总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量,增加玉米、马铃薯各器官总氮含量、干物重,其中根际土壤硝态氮含量下降幅度最大,最高分别降低60.3%、42.1%,玉米籽粒和马铃薯块茎总氮含量最高分别增加34.4%和43.0%,玉米果穗和马铃薯块茎干物重最高分别增加27.3%和28.8%;不同分隔方式对玉米根系表面积、根际土壤氮吸收、各器官总氮含量和干物重均有抑制作用,对马铃薯根际土壤氮吸收、各器官总氮含量和干物质积累均有促进作用,其中不分隔处理玉米根系表面积、籽粒总氮含量和穗干重比塑料布分隔处理最高分别增加29.8%、29.3%和12.5%,根际土壤硝态氮含量降低28.2%,塑料布分隔处理马铃薯块茎总氮含量和块茎干重比不分隔处理分别增加13.4%和19.0%,根际土壤硝态氮含量最大降低22.2%。整体上,玉米马铃薯间作不分隔接种AMF处理降低根际土壤氮残留量的效果最好,对各器官总氮含量、干物重的促进作用最大,表明玉米马铃薯间作条件下接种AMF有利于进一步促进间作群体氮素高效利用和增产增收。     

不同连作年限对薏苡土壤特性、产量和品质的影响

为了探明连作年限对薏苡根际土壤特性、根系形态、产量和品质的影响,以不同连作年限的薏苡为对象,研究其根际土壤性质、根系形态、产量和品质的变化规律及其相关性。结果表明:连作薏苡使土壤逐渐酸化,全氮含量显著升高,全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,有机质含量随连作年限的增加逐渐下降,连作6年的土壤碱解氮含量比轮作降低16.32%～33.93%;土壤细菌和放线菌数量明显减少,真菌数量逐渐增加;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降,过氧化氢酶活性显著升高,连作6年的土壤过氧化氢酶活性比轮作高出30.18%～38.98%;随着连作年限的增加薏苡总根系长、总根系表面积、根系平均直径和根系总体积呈下降趋势;连作6年薏苡的千粒重、结实率、每穴粒重和每穴粒数显著低于轮作,连作年限每增加一年,薏苡产量减少632.276 kg/hm²,连作6年的薏苡减产44.13%～53.43%;连作薏苡的可溶性糖、赖氨酸和支链淀粉含量降低,连作对粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的影响不显著。相关性分析结果表明,连作薏苡的土壤有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量以及pH显著影响微生物数量;过氧化氢酶活性与全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与细菌、放线菌数量以及全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾和pH呈显著正相关;土壤理化性质中的有效磷和速效钾含量是影响产量和品质的主要因素。连作导致薏苡根际土壤化学性质和微生物环境恶化,根系发育不良,进而使产量和品质下降。     

连作对高粱生长及根区土壤环境的影响

以玉米－高粱轮作为对照,研究连作对高粱生长、产量的影响及根区土壤中酶活性和微生物的变化。结果表明：高粱连作3年对产量的抑制开始显现。与轮作相比,连作3年高粱的株高、茎粗、叶面积、生物量显著降低,连作4年更为明显;连作4年高粱根系生长也明显受到影响,0~40 cm深度范围内根系的生物量、根表面积和根体积分别仅为轮作的61.5％、84.4％、73.8％。连作4年增加了土壤中可培养真菌数量,在拔节期和灌浆期分别是轮作的1.9、1.3倍,而对细菌和放线菌的影响没有明显规律;连作显著增加土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性,分别比轮作增加了14.7％、17.2％。由此可见,连作不仅抑制高粱植株的生长,并对土壤中微生物区系组成和酶活性产生显著影响。     

连作和轮作模式下花生土壤微生物群落不同微域分布特征

根际微生物区系失衡是作物连作障碍发生的重要原因,而不同的种植管理模式下作物极可能选择特定的根际微生物群落减缓或加重连作障碍。采用经典可培养技术和分子分类方法,分析连作和轮作体系下花生根表、根际及非根际土壤微生物群落变化规律及其与连作障碍之间的关系。结果表明:与轮作相比,连作栽培模式下花生荚果产量降低45.8%、根瘤数减少57.5%、植株生物量下降24.1%;相应的青枯病和根腐病病情指数分别增加至2.93倍和2.43倍。轮作和连作两种管理方式下,土壤细菌和真菌数量均呈明显空间分异规律,从"根表—根际—非根际"显著下降,尤其根表微生物数量是根际微域的2.83倍～329倍。进一步分析则发现,轮作和连作条件下花生根表微生物的数量差异最大,细菌约为1.06倍～3.28倍、真菌约为1.14倍～14.44倍,这种差异明显高于轮作和连作花生在根际和非根际微域上的差异,表明根表微生物群落受花生根系生理代谢活动影响最大,与连作障碍关系最为密切。针对可培养微生物菌群的分子鉴定则表明,轮作花生根表有益微生物主要包括假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、白地霉(Geotrichumcandidum),其比例明显高于连作,而连作花生根表的病原菌比例则明显高于轮作,包括踝节菌(Talaromyces sp.)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、粉红粘帚菌(Clonostachys rosea)和沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.)等。这些结果表明连作种植模式有利于病原真菌在根表定殖,抑制了有益细菌的生长,可能是花生连作障碍下土传病害大幅上升的重要原因。     

模拟矿区复垦接种丛枝菌根缓解伤根对玉米生长影响

针对煤炭开采过程中地表塌陷造成植物根系损伤问题,通过人为伤根模拟煤炭开采造成植物根系受损的盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,矿区退化土壤为供试基质,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对根系受损玉米生长的缓解作用。结果表明,玉米根系受损条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌缓解了伤根对玉米生长造成的不利影响,促进了玉米的生长,接菌组玉米干质量平均每株要比对照组高出9.74 g。强化接种菌根真菌提高了玉米对土壤中矿质元素的吸收,增加了受损玉米根际土壤中球囊霉素和有机质含量,接菌组玉米根际土壤中总球囊霉素和有机质含量分别比对照组高出48.1%和24.5%。接种菌根改善了玉米根际微环境,有利于矿区退化土壤改良和培肥。通过研究菌根真菌对根系受损植物生长效应,为采煤塌陷区土地复垦与生态重建提供技术支撑。     

马铃薯连作栽培对土壤微生物多样性的影响

马铃薯是宁夏回族自治区南部山区重要的粮菜兼用作物,随栽培面积持续扩大,轮作倒茬困难,由此带来的连作障碍问题日渐突出。为探明马铃薯连作障碍机制,分别采集马铃薯正茬、连作1年、6年和10年的根际土壤样本,利用末端标记限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术研究连作栽培对根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,以期揭示马铃薯根际土壤主要菌群动态变化规律及连作障碍的可能原因。结果表明:连作栽培后马铃薯土壤细菌和真菌DNA仍具有较高的T-RFLP多态性,但不同连作年限根际土壤中优势T-RFs片段发生变化,多年连作使某些T-RFs消失;随连作年限增加,根际土细菌Shannon-Wienen指数、Simpson指数和Sorenson指数下降,而真菌Shannon-Wienen指数和Simpson指数上升。菌群分析发现,土壤细菌中以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和梭菌纲(Clostridia)所占比例最大。连作使细菌和真菌菌群发生变化,芽孢杆菌纲、鞘氨醇纲(Sphingobacteria)等比例下降甚至消失,β-变形菌纲(Beta proteobacteria)和异常球菌纲(Deinococci)比例上升;土壤真菌中座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)煤炱目(Capnodiales)随连作年限增加比例下降,粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)肉座菌目(Hypocreales)随连作年限增加比例上升。马铃薯连作使根际土壤中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益菌属的细菌减少,罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)等致病菌属的细菌增加。连作导致马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性水平降低,真菌多样性水平升高,根际土壤微生物多样性存在明显差异,连作破坏了根际土壤微生物群落的平衡,使其根际土壤微生态环境恶化。连作障碍可能是多因素综合互作用的结果,持续的研究有利于做出较合理的解释。     

蚯蚓粪配施化肥对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响

[目的]探讨蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对玉米根际土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为土壤培肥制度的建立与玉米的合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过大田试验,研究CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)与VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对玉米根系分泌物、根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性与腐殖质组成的影响。[结果]同CF处理相比,VC+CF处理显著提高了根系分泌物含量,并明显提高了根际土壤中微生物数量、微生物量碳含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF与VC处理提高124.32%,62.99%和15.45%,脲酶活性分别高出44.27%,23.53%和12.50%。此外,VC+CF处理亦显著提高了根际土壤中胡敏酸、富里酸含量和胡/富比。同VC+CF处理相比,VC处理对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响较小。[结论]蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能较好地改善玉米根际区域的微生态环境。     

玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照,研究玉米?水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响,为稻田系统玉米?水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米?水稻轮作,在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样,测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%;土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%,主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低,土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤,玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际,水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中,轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量,有利于氮素有效性的提高。     

东北玉米根系生物量模型的构建

开展根系生物量的观测和研究,建立通用性的根系生物量模型对于开展生态系统生物量的监测和评估具有重要意义。为得到根系生物量的实时信息,2016年9月末利用挖土法和根系扫描系统,获取玉米根系的生物量及生态指标,分析了玉米根系生物量的垂直分布特征并建立了根系生物量与根系生态指标之间的模拟方程。结果表明：玉米根系生物量主要集中于0~30 cm,占玉米根系垂直分布量的94.44%。利用普通最小二乘法建立根系生物量模型均存在异方差问题,增加根长作为自变量建立的根系生物量模型显著提高了模拟精度,决定系数（R²）达0.91以上。采用对数转换消除方程的异方差及比较不同的模拟方程后发现,玉米根系生物量与根径和根长的组合变量（D²H）建立的指数函数是模拟玉米根系生物量的最优方程,决定系数（R²）最高,为0.90,平均绝对误差（MAE）、估计值的标准误差（SEE）、平均预估误差（MPE）均最小,满足了模拟方程的精度要求。对该方程进一步验证发现,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.92,说明此模型能较好地模拟根系生物量。利用根系生物量模型结合微根管法,可解决根系生物量实时观测难的问题。     

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是玉米生产科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据.在中国气象科学研究院固城生态环境与农业气象实验站内的大型根系观测系统中,采用地下室玻璃窗观测法和方形整段标本法,观测了"屯玉46号"玉米的根深、根宽、根长和根重,分析了玉米根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度等在土壤剖面中的分布状况.结果表明,玉米根长、根干重均随土壤深度的增加基本呈递减类型.吐丝期0～40 cm土层根长占整层根长51.5%,0～80 cm土层占76.2%,0～120 cm土层占90.5%.乳熟后期其分布趋势与吐丝期相似.玉米根系粗度随着土壤深度增加,在上层呈减少分布型,在下层呈增加分布型.乳熟后期,玉米最大根深可达230 cm,根长总量达8.288 km·m-2,显示出该玉米品种有较发达的根系.通过玻璃窗观测的根深大于远离玻璃窗处的根深.     

A method of processing soil core samples for root studies by subsampling

Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.     

局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。     

Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.     

The effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plant root traits: A meta-analysis

Global atmospheric nitrogen deposition has increased steadily since the 20th century, and has complex effects on terrestrial ecosystems. This work synthesized results from 54 papers and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the general response of 15 variables related to plant root traits to simulated nitrogen deposition. Simulated nitrogen deposition resulted in significantly decreasing fine root biomass (<2 mm diameter; −12.8%), while significantly increasing coarse root (≥2 mm diameter; +56.5%) and total root (+20.2%) biomass, but had no remarkable effect on root morphology. This suggests that simulated nitrogen deposition could stimulate carbon accumulation in root biomass. The root: shoot ratio decreased (−10.7%) suggests that aboveground biomass was more sensitive to simulated nitrogen deposition than root biomass. In addition, simulated nitrogen deposition increased the fine root nitrogen content (+17.6%), but did not affect carbon content, and thus decreased the fine root C:N ratio (−13.5%). These changes delayed the decomposition of roots, combined with increasing of the fine root turnover rate (+21.4%), which suggests that simulated nitrogen deposition could increase carbon and nutrient retention in the soil. Simulated nitrogen deposition also strongly affected the functional traits of roots, which increased root respiration (+20.7%), but decreased fungal colonization (−17.0%). The effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the plant root systems were dependent on ecosystem and climate zone types, because soil nutrient conditions and other biotic and abiotic factors vary widely. Long-term simulated experiments, in which the experimental N-addition levels were less than twofold of the average of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, would better reflect the response of ecosystems under atmospheric nitrogen deposition. These results provide a synthetic understanding of the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plant root systems, as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plants and the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.     

Non-destructive visualization and quantification of roots using computed tomography

A protocol is described for non-destructive visualization and quantification of roots for relatively large core using computed tomography (CT) and computer codes developed to isolate and analyze the CT matrices. The scanner settings were optimized using a phantom core filled with different soil and materials (including root segments) of known geometry and orientation. CT parameters were optimized (130 kV peak voltage and 480 mAs), using a core 0.23×0.14 m diam. filled with a single grain sand scanned at a voxel resolution of 275×275×1000 μm. Quantitative attributes of the roots of chickpea 21 days after germination such as the number of root laterals, their volume, length, wall area, tortuosity and orientation are presented and compared with results obtained by destructive sampling. Results suggest the CT approach systematically underestimated root length compared to destructive sampling (difference reaching up to 10%). The average root segment length estimated by the non-destructive algorithm was 28.1 mm compared to 36 mm by destructive analysis. However, the non-destructive approach revealed details that are not possible to obtain with invasive techniques. For instance, the root laterals had an average tortuosity of 2.5 indicating that their length was 2.5 greater than the distance between their extremities.     

不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数和伤流液组分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数、伤流量及伤流液组分的影响。结果表明,缺硼抑制棉花根系生长,根重、根体积、根长、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例以及伤流量均显著降低,高效品种降低幅度比低效品种小;缺硼还使高效品种根系比表面积升高,而低效品种无显著变化。缺硼显著影响不同棉花品种伤流液各组分含量,与低效品种相比,高效品种伤流液中有较多的NO3-、K+、无机磷、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。说明缺硼条件下高效品种根系比低效品种具有更强的吸收、代谢活力,可能是其硼效率较高的主要原因之一。     

不同养分与水分管理对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响

室内盆栽试验研究不同养分与水分管理模式对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响结果表明 ,干湿交替模式和控制水分灌溉模式采用厩肥 化肥配施处理水稻植株根系平均活跃吸收面积分别比单施化肥处理高 19.3%和 2 8 2 % ;平均根系活力分别高 2 3.7%和 37.9%。而连续淹水模式则削弱有机与无机肥配施对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的改善效果。厩肥 化肥配施处理可显著提高水稻中后期植株根表磷酸酶活性 ,尤以控制水分灌溉模式采用有机与无机肥配施比单施化肥处理高 4 4 .7%。     

Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland

Soil conditions under no-tillage (NT) are often unfavorable for the growth of maize roots in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). In 1997 and 1999, the impacts of tillage on the morphology and spatial distribution of maize (Zea mays L.) roots at anthesis were investigated in a 5-year field trial at two sites (loamy silt and sandy loam soils) in the Swiss midlands. Four soil cores, perpendicular to the maize row, were taken to a depth of 100 cm in each plot; the root length density (RLD), the mean root diameter (MD), and the relative length per diameter-class distribution (LDD) of the roots were determined.

Roots were longer and thinner in 1999 than in 1997. The RLD was significantly higher and the MD was smaller on the loamy silt than on the sandy loam. The RLD and MD decreased with the distance from the plant row. Most of the maize roots, about 80% of the total root length, were in the layer from 0 to 40 cm, with maximum values from 5 to 10 cm; the thickest roots were in the soil layer from 10 to 50 cm. Significant differences in RLD with increasing distance from the row of plants were found in the top 30 cm.

Averaged over the whole soil profile, RLD was higher and MD was smaller under CT than under NT. The impact of tillage on RLD and MD interacted with spatial factors and years. Within the soil profile, RLD was significantly higher under NT than under CT at a depth of 5 cm, whereas it was higher under CT than under NT below 10 cm. Below 50 cm, there was no difference in RLD between the tillage systems. In a horizontal direction, MD was consistently higher in the row and lower in the mid-row under NT than under CT.

Our results show that differences in maize root growth between tillage systems, which were reported in previous studies, persist until anthesis. The accumulation of maize roots near the soil surface in NT suggests that subsurface-banding of starter fertilizer is a more efficient way of applying fertilizer (particularly immobile nutrients such as phosphorus) compared with broadcasting in order to supply sufficient nutrients for NT maize.