Aphanomyces astaci presence in Japan: a threat to the endemic and endangered crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus?

1. Spread of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by North American crayfish species is considered one of the main reasons for substantial declines and local extinctions of native European crayfish populations. Owing to human introductions, several American crayfish species have become established throughout the world, and thus pose a potential threat to indigenous crayfish populations susceptible to crayfish plague.
2. In Japan, two such widespread alien species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, were introduced for aquaculture purposes in the late 1920s and since then successfully expanded their ranges.
3. Aggressive interactions with alien crayfish along with habitat modifications have been considered primarily responsible for drastic declines in populations of the Japanese endemic crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus, observed in the last few decades. However, the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, to which Japanese crayfish are susceptible, may be expected, and could contribute to these declines.
4. Only recently, A. astaci has been reported from Taiwan, and to our knowledge no study focusing on its presence outside of the Western Palearctic has been conducted.
5. To fill this gap, 54 P. clarkii and 47 P. leniusculus individuals from five different Japanese locations were screened using molecular methods recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Aphanomyces astaci DNA was detected in all studied populations, altogether in 61% and 21% of examined individuals of P. clarkii and P. leniusculus, respectively.
6. The results provide the first evidence of A. astaci presence in Japan and highlight the threat of pathogen transmission to C. japonicus populations.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

野生水禽鸭瘟病毒的分离与鉴定

取急性死亡的某动物园野生水禽进行病毒分离,通过鸡(鸭)胚接种、动物回归试验、病毒主要理化特性测定、免疫预防试验等证实分离株为鸭瘟病毒,揭示野生水禽完全有自然感染鸭瘟的可能性,家鸭与野生水禽在相互间传播鸭瘟病毒上具有双向性.     

鸭瘟强毒株和疫苗株对雏鸭IFN-γ基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同毒力的鸭瘟病毒(DPV)感染对雏鸭INF-γ mRNA表达水平的影响,为DPV的感染与免疫机制提供理论依据。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对接种了鸭瘟强毒株和疫苗株的雏鸭肝脏及外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)中IFN-γ mRNA的表达水平及鸭瘟病毒(DPV)的荷载量进行动态定量监测。结果表明:①感染鸭瘟强毒后,IFN-γ mRNA 在肝脏中的表达没有明显规律,PBL中IFN-γ mRNA表达水平很高,在此期间(1~12 h),病毒DNA量很少。IFN-γ mRNA表达量在6 h后大幅下降,直到144 h都非常低,而病毒的载量逐渐增大,至144 h时达到峰值。②接种弱毒疫苗后,肝脏中IFN-γ mRNA表达水平较高且稳定,至12 h达到顶峰,约比对照高出8倍。PBL中IFN-γ mRNA表达量较低且不稳定。弱毒DNA荷载量稳定上升,但载量约比强毒低两个数量级。病毒DNA在PBL检测不到。IFN-γ在抵抗鸭瘟强毒中发挥了重要作用;IFN-γ在肝脏中高水平的表达可能是鸭瘟疫苗的免疫机制之一。     

黄芪多糖佐剂对猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响

本试验旨在探讨以黄芪多糖(astragalan,AG)为佐剂对仔猪猪瘟疫苗诱导猪瘟抗体的影响。将20日龄仔猪40头随机分成4组(n=10),即生理盐水(normal sodium,NS)组、猪瘟疫苗(swine plague vaccine,SPV)组、黄芪多糖注射液(astragalan injection,AGI)组以及黄芪多糖注射液和猪瘟疫苗(astragalan injection and swine plague vaccine,AGI-SPV)组。各组于前腔静脉采血5 mL(用于检测)后,分别于仔猪出生第20、85天连续3 d颈部肌肉注射NS 3 mL×3 d,SPV 1 mL×1 d+NS 3 mL×2 d,AGI 10 mg/kg×3 d,(AGI 10 mg/kg+SPV 1 mL)×1 d+AGI 10 mg/kg×2 d。分别采血检测20(给药前)、35、100 d血清IgG、IgM、IgA、γ-球蛋白、猪瘟抗体(SP-Ab)等。100 d血清测定结果显示,AGI组和AGI-SPV组的γ-球蛋白、IgG、IgM和IgA水平显著高于NS组和SPV组(P＜0.05),SPV组和AGI -SPV组猪瘟抗体阻断率分别显著高于35 d和20 d,且AGI-SPV组高于SPV组(P＜0.05)。 AG作为免疫佐剂能提高猪瘟疫苗对仔猪的免疫力,其作用机制与增加免疫球蛋白和促进猪瘟抗体形成有关。     

鹅细小病毒研究进展

小鹅瘟是由鹅细小病毒引起的一种急性、亚急性烈性传染病,是目前危害养鹅业的重要传染病之一。近年来关于鹅细小病毒的研究又有了新的发展和新的观点,作者从鹅细小病毒分子生物学、检测方法、致病机理和抗原位点的定位等方面进行了阐述。     

小鹅瘟的PCR诊断及病理观察

取长春某鹅场2份疑似小鹅瘟感染病死鹅的肝脏组织进行PCR检测,结果均扩增出与预想结果一致的375 bp特异片段。取病死鹅肺脏、脾脏、肠道等组织,用10%中性福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,HE染色,进行病理组织学观察,结果显示,肠道呈纤维素性－坏死性肠炎病变,肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑等器官实质细胞均出现不同程度的损伤。     

鸡抗小鹅瘟病毒IgY提取方法的比较试验

为了建立一套规范的鸡抗小鹅瘟病毒IgY的提取方法,试验采用水化法和辛酸法分别提取IgY,研究各种因素对IgY提取效果的影响,对2种方法提取的鸡抗小鹅瘟病毒IgY进行指标检测。结果表明：水化法提取的IgY的蛋白含量为18.611mg/mL,效价为1∶16,辛酸法提取的蛋白含量为18.630mg/mL,效价为1∶16,且2种IgY的纯度基本相同,判定2种方法的提取效果基本相同。     

我国古代蝗灾社会反应机制定型期研究

概述了南宋以前各代应对蝗灾的措施,从积极和消极2方面探讨了南宋蝗灾的社会反映机制,指出了蝗灾反应机制在南宋最终定型,并成为南宋以后各代的基本模式。     

蝗虫的聚集行为机制研究进展

蝗虫具有聚集为害的特征。群居型蝗虫形态、生理、生化、行为等与散居型明显不同。蝗虫的密度、资源的空间分布方式、化学信息素和特定行为均能够引起蝗虫聚集行为反应。蝗群聚集后,通过遵守简单的行为规则,形成了一个高度有序的复杂系统,在这个有序的复杂系统里群体蝗虫能够取得散居个体不能获取的生态效益。     

黄骅市东亚飞蝗大发生原因分析与治理对策

深入分析了黄骅市蝗区东亚飞蝗的发生特点、发生趋势及其原因,并提出了相应的治理对策。