The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

天然植物生长调节剂芸苔素的生物活性及应用浅析

天然芸苔素属于甾体类植物内源生物活性物质,其骨架为甾醇,其中芸苔素内酯生物活性最强,被称为第六类植物激素,是高效、广谱、无毒的植物生长调节剂(PGR)。为更好地将芸苔素推广应用于农业生产,本文概括了芸苔素内酯的生物活性及在粮食、果蔬等作物上的应用。探讨了芸苔素内酯在提高种子活力,促进作物生长,大幅度促进产量提升以及品质改善,提升作物抗逆性,缓解农药对作物影响的研究概况及取得的进展,指出了芸苔素内酯的应用是作物增产增收的关键途径,同时,能够减少化肥、农药的施用量,减少作物种植成本与减轻环境污染,将带来显著的经济效益。     

谷子株高及穗部性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

【目的】株高和穗部性状是影响谷子产量的关键性状。探究谷子株高及穗部性状表型变异的遗传规律,为相关性状的遗传改良与基因定位提供参考依据。【方法】以谷子优质品种豫谷18为共同父本,分别与黄软谷和红酒谷杂交,构建2个分别包含250个家系的重组自交系F₇群体（YYRIL和YRRIL）。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对YYRIL和YRRIL群体在2个环境下的株高、穗长、穗下节间长、穗码数、穗粒重等5个农艺性状的表型数据进行遗传分析。【结果】5个性状在所有环境中均表现连续变异且存在超亲分离现象,峰度和偏度绝对值小于1,近似正态分布,呈现数量性状的典型遗传特点。性状间相关性分析表明株高与穗长、穗下节间长在所有环境中均呈极显著正相关,穗码数与穗粒重呈极显著正相关。遗传模型分析显示YYRIL和YRRIL群体株高的最适遗传模型分别为PG-AI和PG-A多基因模型,多基因遗传率分别为95.15%和91.27%。2个群体穗码数的最适模型均为PG-AI,多基因遗传率为70.07%—71.58%。穗下节间长在2个群体的最适遗传模型分别为4MG-CEA和3MG-CEA,均为等加性主基因模型。穗下节间长在YYRIL群体的主基因遗传率为9.69%,4对主基因加性效应值相等,均为-0.34,具有负向效应;穗下节间长在YRRIL群体的主基因遗传率为45.78%,3对主基因加性效应值相等,均为1.17,具有正向效应。穗长在YYRIL群体的最适模型为MX2-ED-A,即2对显性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遗传率为43.56%,多基因遗传率为50.56%。控制穗长的2对主基因加性效应值分别为-1.21、1.68,多基因加性效应较小,为-0.0017;穗长在YRRIL群体的最适模型为MX2-AE-A,即2对累加作用主基因,加性多基因混合遗传模型;穗长的主基因遗传率为46.40%,多基因遗传率为46.91%。控制穗长的第1对主基因加性效应值为1.53,具有正向效应,第1对主基因加性×第2对主基因加性上位性互作效应值是0.60,多基因加性效应值为-0.47,表现为较低的负向遗传效应。穗粒重在YYRIL群体的最适遗传模型为MX2-ED-A;符合2对显性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遗传率为69.09%,多基因遗传率为12.08%;控制穗粒重的2对主基因加性效应值分别为0.58、5.82,以第2对主基因的加性效应为主,多基因加性效应值为-3.81。穗粒重在YRRIL群体的最适遗传模型为3MG-PEA,即3对部分等加性主基因遗传模型;穗粒重的主基因遗传率为81.10%,3对主基因加性效应值分别为-2.68、-2.68和2.66,前2对主基因的加性效应值相同,且均为负向效应。【结论】谷子株高、穗码数的最适遗传模型相似,均服从多基因遗传,遗传率较高,受环境影响较小;穗下节间长的遗传受主基因控制,主基因遗传率偏低,受环境影响较大,在栽培中应充分考虑环境因素;穗长遗传受主基因和多基因共同控制;穗粒重在2个群体均服从主基因遗传,主基因遗传率较高,可能存在主效QTL。     

茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

环境友好型农药喷施机械研究进展与展望

在农林病虫害防治中,化学方法仍占主导地位,化学农药施用不当会引起农药浪费、环境污染和农药残留等问题。为此,本文阐述了国内外对农药雾化、在线混药、可变量控制、仿形喷雾、雾滴飘移控制、静电喷雾、智能对靶喷雾集成等关键技术的研究概况;综述了防飘移喷雾机、仿形喷雾机、喷杆喷雾机、杂草防除机械、果园喷雾机、智能喷雾机等6类典型地面植保机械的发展概况,以及包括植保无人机及其关键部件在内的典型航空植保机械的研究发展水平;提出了环境友好型农药喷施机械"绿色环保、精确高效"的研究理念,以及开展植保机器人与专用植保机械(植保机器人及其阵列、专用植保机械)研发、航空施药机具与植保无人机研究、智能物联农药喷雾系统(病虫草害靶标智能监测识别与防治预警系统、无线物联智能植保信息传输系统、立体智能协同农药喷雾系统)研究和植保机械关键技术(新型喷头及在线混药、智能化载运平台)研究等总体发展建议。     

巴音温都尔沙漠典型植物群落土壤物理性质研究

巴音温都尔沙漠是我国北方干旱气候带典型的环境敏感区和生态脆弱区,生态建设和植被恢复对巴音温都尔沙漠生态系统服务功能极为重要。本研究以巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭、唐古特白刺、球果白刺、盐爪爪、膜果麻黄群落土壤为试验对象,对不同植物群落类型土壤物理性状和持水能力进行了研究。结果表明:5种群落中土壤孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管孔隙度最大值均出现在盐爪爪群落,其土壤通透性最好,具备良好的通气透水能力;膜果麻黄群落土壤最为紧实,通气透水能力最差。5种群落中,盐爪爪群落土壤自然含水率最高,膜果麻黄群落最低。盐爪爪群落土壤持水量最高,麻黄群落土壤持水量最低。盐爪爪群落土壤具有良好的保水能力,膜果麻黄群落土壤保水能力处于偏低水平。     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.