SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

中国竹类多样性及其重要价值

竹类属于禾本科Gramineae（Poaceae）、竹亚科Bambusoideae植物，全世界约1 500多种。中国竹类的自然分布广阔，横跨热带、亚热带和温带地区，涵盖包括台湾、香港在内的21个有竹子分布的省、自治区、直辖市和特区。中国是世界上竹类多样性最丰富的国家，也是世界上栽培竹类最丰富的国家，共有竹类植物753种（含22种引进种），约占世界总数的50%以上。同时，中国竹类在起源、遗传进化、内部构造、生态及林型等方面均具有十分丰富的多样性。中国竹类从宏观到微观所展现出的多样性特质，是大自然留给人类的宝贵遗产，对于人类认识自然、保护自然、从而更好的利用竹类资源服务于人类的长远利益，具有重要价值。文章从起源、生态、林型、物种、形态、遗传等方面概述了中国竹类的多样性，为进一步探讨竹类多样性提供基础信息。     

黄岩水果苗木与农产品检疫现状及对策建议

在1981-2018年黄岩水果类苗木及非种用农产品调运检疫中,共调出柑橘、杨梅和枇杷等苗木10 475批次,11 051.42万株;柑橘果实等非种用农产品147 689批次,852 920.95 t。基于柑橘等水果苗木调运检疫数量变化与水果产业发展变化关系,分析了果苗检疫存在的问题,包括无证育苗现象较普遍、检疫申报不规范、疫情信息不对称和漏检逃检等,提出了水果类苗木生产经营实行许可证制度、严格遵守植物检疫规程、建立种苗调运可追溯和到达地报告复检制度等建议,这对做好调运植物检疫工作有积极意义。     

5种动物源食品中的氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量检测

利用QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的方法检测5种动物源食品(鸡肉、鸡蛋、猪肝、牛奶、猪肉)中氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量。样品用乙腈提取,经低温处理,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、弗罗里硅土(Florisil)和C18分散固相萃取(d-SPE)净化,外标法定量。在不同浓度的加标水平下,氟虫腈及其代谢物在5种动物源食品中的平均回收率为72.1%～113.8%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.9%～17.6%,检出限LOD在0.73～1.94μg/kg范围内,定量限LOQ在5～10μg/kg范围内。该方法具有简单、灵敏、准确等优点,适用于动物源食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的快速筛查和定量检测。     

基于稳定同位素的上海地产蔬菜种植模式及产地判别

为保护蔬菜的优质优价及质量安全,以上海9个农业产区(宝山区、崇明区、奉贤区、嘉定区、金山区、闵行区、浦东新区、青浦区和松江区)蔬菜为研究对象,分析不同产区蔬菜的δ¹⁵N值差异及其对种植模式(常规、绿色或有机种植)的指示;对δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H和δ¹⁸O值进行单因素方差分析,并应用主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)及支持向量机(SVM)方法,建立上海地产蔬菜产地判别模型。结果表明,宝山区、松江区和嘉定区蔬菜的δ¹⁵N值占前三,且分别与δ¹⁵N值最低的浦东新区蔬菜(4.44‰)存在显著差异,且仅有浦东新区蔬菜可能为绿色或有机种植的比例低于50%;δ¹³C、δ²H和δ¹⁸O值只在部分产区间差异显著,PCA可初步实现浦东新区蔬菜与其他8个产区的鉴别;PLS-DA最优模型可以很好地实现浦东新区蔬菜产地判别(预测准确率为98.80%),SVM最优模型可以很好地实现宝山区(预测正确率96.38%)、嘉定区(预测正确率92.77%)和青浦区(预测正确率91.57%)蔬菜的产地判别,SVM最优模型可以较好地实现金山区、松江区、崇明区和奉贤区蔬菜的产地判别。本研究结果为上海地产蔬菜种植模式及产地判别提供了参考方法,并为其溯源和质量安全保护提供了基础数据。     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

温州龙湾国际机场入境旅客携带植物及其产品疫情 分析及应对措施

本文通过对2013—2018年温州空港口岸截获的入境旅客植物及其产品情况进行分析,发现温州空港口岸有害生物检出种类呈增长态势。6年共查获管制的植物和植物产品7495批次,截获有害生物110种,其中检疫性有害生物13种,占比11.82%。有害生物种类以昆虫居多,共55种,占比50%;热带水果检出有害生物最多,8种热带水果中检出12种检疫性有害生物。旅客携带物的有害生物检出具有时间季节效应,疫情来源地以东南亚中国台湾、中国香港、越南和泰国等国家和地区为主等特点。根据截获温州空港口岸入境旅客携带植物及其产品检出有害生物特点,因地制宜对入境旅客携带物检验检疫提出相关应对策略。     

基于高通量GBS-SNP标记的栽培燕麦六倍体起源研究

栽培六倍体燕麦是世界重要粮食作物,理清其起源对燕麦种质资源的高效利用和保护具有重要意义。本研究利用GBS (genotyping by sequencing)对27份来自中国的大粒裸燕麦材料测序,结合先前发表的包括6个六倍体燕麦种在内的66份燕麦材料的GBS数据进行SNP挖掘。UNEAK管道挖掘共计得到MAF大于0.5, call rate大于0.95的SNP标记8902个。进一步剔除缺失值大于0.15的4个燕麦材料后,对其余89份材料进行PCA分析、STRUCTURE分析以及UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明,在野生种中,除A. sterilis外,大多数来自同一物种的材料聚为一类,不同物种间能够较好地分开,表明这些物种之间存在较强的遗传分化。聚类分析将供试材料分为分别代表野生种和栽培种的2支,表明野生种和栽培种之间存在明显的遗传差异;在栽培种中, A. sativa与A. byzantina具有较高的遗传多样性,分散在不同的类群中,二者未出现明显的遗传分化,具有较高的遗传同质性, A. sativa ssp. nuda与A. sativa亲缘关系较近,但存在一定的遗传分化,因此形成独立的类群。值得注意的是,来自野生种A. sterilis的材料被分在2个类群中,其中来自西南亚地区(伊朗-伊拉克-土耳其地区)的居群与A. sativa和A. byzantina聚在一起,揭示此地区的A. sterilis居群可能是A. sativa和A. byzantina的祖先种。野生种A. hybrida显示出与A. fatua较高的遗传同质性,因此将其作为A. fatua的亚种较为合理。本研究为栽培六倍体燕麦起源提供了理论依据。     

Experimental infection of Mytilus edulis by two Vibrio splendidus-related strains: Determination of pathogenicity level of strains and influence of the origin and annual cycle of mussels on their sensitivity

This study aimed at assessing the pathogenicity of two Vibrio splendidus-related species and evaluating the influence of the origin and annual life cycle of mussels on their sensitivity during a bacterial challenge. Thus, in vivo infection assays were made with Vibrio crassostreae 7T4_12 and Vibrio splendidus 3G1_6, over, respectively, thirteen and 9 months, on adult blue mussels from five recruitment areas in France. Two bacterial concentrations were tested: one consistent with the loads of Vibrio spp. in environment and mussel tissues (~10⁵ CFU/ml) and another one much higher (~10⁸ CFU/ml). The tested environmental concentration has no pathogenic effect whatever the time of year, the strain used and the origin of mussels. However, at the highest concentration, a pathogenic effect was observed only at specific moments, and one of the origins appeared to be more resistant. The physiological state of mussels—depending on the time of year—seemed significant in mussels’ sensitivity, as their recruitment origin. This study is the first to test the pathogenicity of V. splendidus-related strains at concentrations close to what is found in the wild, over the annual cycle of mussels, and considering their origin.